Flood Vulnerability Study of a Roadway Bridge Subjected to Hydrodynamic Actions, Local Scour and Wood Debris Accumulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Properties and Input Data
2.1.1. Geometry and Materials
2.1.2. Geotechnical Data
2.1.3. Hydraulic Data
2.2. Methodology and Modelling Approach
2.2.1. Overview
2.2.2. Structural Finite-Element Modelling
2.2.3. Soil–Structure Interaction Modelling
2.2.4. Loads Modelling
Hydrodynamic Forces
Wood Debris Forces
2.2.5. Local Scour Modelling
Effect of Local Scour on SSI and Flood Loading
2.2.6. Parameters’ Uncertainty
2.2.7. Latin Hypercube Sampling
3. Results
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. Vulnerability Analysis
3.2.1. Debris Accumulation Sizes
3.2.2. Limit State Definition
- Bending and shear failure at the base of the piers;
- Shear failure of the bearing above the pier and the abutments;
- Bending failure of the deck around the weak axis at the section above the piers and the midspan of the bridge;
- Bearing failure of the foundation (vertical and bending capacity at the base);
- Failure due to local scour reaching the base of the foundation.
3.2.3. Results for Serviceability Limit State
3.2.4. Results for Ultimate Limit State
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
3.3.1. Scour Depths
3.3.2. Utilization Ratios for ULS
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
List of Symbols and Notations
Pier width | |
Equivalent pier width | |
Projected wetted area in the direction of the flow | |
Wetted area perpendicular to the flow | |
Effective cohesion of the soil | |
Drag coefficient | |
Lift coefficient | |
CPT | Cone Penetration Test |
Diameter of a well foundation | |
Embedment depth of the foundation | |
Length of the deck | |
Wetted depth of the deck | |
Wetted depth of the solid superstructure | |
Distance from the girder soffit to the flood water surface | |
Soil elastic modulus | |
Steel elastic modulus | |
Concrete compressive strength | |
Steel yield strength | |
Hydrodynamic drag force | |
Hydrodynamic lift force | |
Debris Froude number | |
Froude number | |
Gravitational acceleration | |
Shear modulus of the soil | |
Water height | |
Height of wood debris accumulation | |
IM | Intensity measure |
Index vector for each LS and each H-v | |
Index of j-th LHS simulation | |
Correction factor for the pier nose shape | |
Correction factor for the angle of attack flow | |
Correction factor for the riverbed condition | |
Correction factors used in the calculation of the equivalent pier width depending on the shape of the debris raft | |
Horizontal embedded stiffness of the well foundation | |
Rocking embedded stiffness of the well foundation | |
Vertical embedded stiffness of the well foundation | |
Torsional embedded stiffness of the well foundation | |
Depth of the foundation | |
Length of wood debris accumulation in the flow direction | |
Key log length | |
LHS | Latin Hypercube Sampling |
LS | Limit state |
Equivalent number of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blows of the soil | |
Number of simulations that leads to the exceedance of LS for a given H-v | |
Number of LHS simulations | |
Number of random input variables | |
Probability of exceeding the designated LS for a given H-v | |
PI | Prediction Intervals |
Proximity ratio | |
Water discharge | |
RC | Reinforced Concrete |
Foundation radius | |
Span length of the bridge | |
Relative submergence of the deck | |
SLS | Serviceability Limit State |
SSI | Soil–Structure Interaction |
ULS | Ultimate Limit State |
Utilization ratio | |
Mean flow velocity | |
Width of wood debris accumulation | |
Average vertical distance from the girder soffit to the riverbed | |
Local scour depth | |
Effective shear angle of the soil | |
Soil unit weight | |
Poisson’s ratio | |
Angle of flow attack |
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Parameters | Value |
---|---|
) | 40° |
) | 0 kPa |
) | 19.8 kN/m3 |
) | 0.30 |
) | 50 Mpa |
) | 19 Mpa |
) | 19 |
Wood Debris Accumulation Properties | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
shape | ||||
AS5100.2-2004 | rectangular | 1.2–3 m | Pier: | not specified |
Panici and Almeida’s model [48] | half conical |
Parameters | Probabilistic Distributions | References |
---|---|---|
) | [55] | |
) | ) | [56] |
) | ) | [56] |
) | ) | [54,57] |
) | [54,57] | |
Soil unit weight (γ) | [54] | |
) | [24] | |
) | ) | [58] |
) | [48] | |
) | [48] | |
) | [48] |
1.0 | 0.35 | 0.45 | |
0.35 | 1.0 | 0.30 | |
0.45 | 0.30 | 1.0 |
No. | Description | Period (s)—Calculated | Period (s)—Measured |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1st vertical mode of the deck | 0.67 | 0.68 |
2 | Global longitudinal mode | 0.58 | ND |
3 | 2nd vertical mode of the deck | 0.41 | 0.43 |
4 | Global transverse mode | 0.36 | ND |
5 | Global vertical mode | 0.21 | ND |
6 | 1st transverse mode of the deck | 0.21 | 0.21 |
7 | 3rd vertical mode of the deck | 0.18 | 0.19 |
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Kosič, M.; Anžlin, A.; Bau’, V. Flood Vulnerability Study of a Roadway Bridge Subjected to Hydrodynamic Actions, Local Scour and Wood Debris Accumulation. Water 2023, 15, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010129
Kosič M, Anžlin A, Bau’ V. Flood Vulnerability Study of a Roadway Bridge Subjected to Hydrodynamic Actions, Local Scour and Wood Debris Accumulation. Water. 2023; 15(1):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010129
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosič, Mirko, Andrej Anžlin, and Valentina Bau’. 2023. "Flood Vulnerability Study of a Roadway Bridge Subjected to Hydrodynamic Actions, Local Scour and Wood Debris Accumulation" Water 15, no. 1: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010129
APA StyleKosič, M., Anžlin, A., & Bau’, V. (2023). Flood Vulnerability Study of a Roadway Bridge Subjected to Hydrodynamic Actions, Local Scour and Wood Debris Accumulation. Water, 15(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010129