Hydrogeochemical Characteristics Refine the Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geographical, Geological and Hydrogeological Setting
2.1. Physiography and Climate
2.2. Geology and Hydrostratigraphy
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Data Validation and Evaluation Methods
4. Results
4.1. Total Dissolved Solids Content and Hydrochemical Water Types
4.2. Isotopic Composition
4.3. Solute Ratios
4.3.1. Sodium and Chloride in Type I and Type II Waters
4.3.2. Calcium in Type II and Type III Waters
4.3.3. Calcium and Bicarbonate in Type IV Waters
5. Discussion
5.1. Total Dissolved Solids Content and Hydrochemical Water Types
5.2. Isotopic Composition
5.3. Source of Solutes
5.4. Updated Conceptual Models
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Source | Description | Total # of Samples Before Culling | Simplified Sample Type | Type of Samples | # of Samples by Sample Type | # of Samples after Culling | Total # of Samples after Culling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dataset 1 | Archive 1974–78 (Stewart, 2021) | 489 | Groundwater (GW) | springs | 98 | 95 | 465 |
seeps | |||||||
cave | |||||||
auger | |||||||
well | |||||||
Surface water (SW) | stream, river, creek, ditch, channel | 365 | 345 | ||||
lake, pond, pool, hole, wallow, slump | |||||||
muskeg, oxbow, cutoff, slough | |||||||
Both (GW-SW) | sinks | 20 | 19 | ||||
not defined | 6 | 6 | |||||
Dataset 2 | Collected 2013 | 17 | Groundwater (GW) | springs | 6 | 6 | 17 |
Surface water (SW) | lake, pond | 8 | 8 | ||||
Both (GW-SW) | sinks | 3 | 3 |
Sample ID a | Sample Type | Northing (m) | Easting (m) | pH b | T (°C) b | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | HCO3 (mg/L) | CO32− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | spring | 421,734 | 6,648,210 | 5.6 | 8.9 | 138,000 | 0 | 210 | 1400 | 198 | 0 | 3879 |
W2 | spring | 421,632 | 6,648,028 | 6.57 | 5.3 | 373 | 0 | 57 | 644 | 385 | 0 | 1521 |
W4 | spring | 421,580 | 6,647,737 | 7.22 | 7.1 | 399 | 0 | 56 | 642 | 399 | 0 | 1170 |
W5 | spring | 421,450 | 6,647,575 | 5.89 | 10.6 | 133,000 | 0 | 200 | 1600 | 209 | 0 | 3712 |
W6 | spring | 421,173 | 6,646,928 | - | 4.7 | 25,300 | 0 | 80 | 890 | 250 | 0 | 2353 |
W7 | pond | 443,246 | 6,629,257 | 7.36 | 18 | 588 | 0 | 34 | 428 | 156 | 0 | 1129 |
W8 | lake | 443,955 | 6,628,644 | 7.7 | 20.1 | 2900 | 0 | 30 | 599 | 175 | 0 | 1383 |
W10 | sinkhole | 428,794 | 6,602,760 | 8.45 | 17.3 | 14 | 9 | 85 | 13.8 | 416 | 48 | 16 |
W13 | lake | 431,103 | 6,598,556 | 8.02 | 20.1 | 5 | 8 | 34 | 33.2 | 217 | 0 | 57 |
W14 | lake | 664,740 | 6,690,842 | 6.9 | 9.9 | 4 | 2 | 75 | 572 | 289 | 0 | 1340 |
W16 | lake | 665,271 | 6,691,113 | 7.1 | 13.7 | 5 | 2 | 64 | 631 | 318 | 0 | 1269 |
W17 | sinkhole | 665,526 | 6,691,534 | 7.2 | 15.9 | 5 | 2 | 83 | 654 | 297 | 0 | 1336 |
W20 | lake | 652,280 | 6,702,992 | 6.78 | 12.1 | 8 | 2 | 86 | 562 | 261 | 0 | 1377 |
W21 | spring | 651,832 | 6,703,002 | 6.66 | 5.5 | 10 | 2 | 86 | 528 | 306 | 0 | 1367 |
W22 | lake | 651,847 | 6,702,985 | 7.5 | 15.3 | 4 | 2 | 43 | 169 | 122 | 0 | 486 |
W23 | lake | 649,044 | 6,704,257 | 6.41 | 6 | 36 | 3 | 106 | 620 | 351 | 0 | 1496 |
W24 | sinkhole | 648,260 | 6,703,939 | 7.26 | 14.6 | 2 | 1 | 45 | 477 | 221 | 0 | 1160 |
Sample ID a | Cl− (mg/L) | Br− (mg/L) | δ18 (‰) c | δ2 (‰) c | TDS (mg/L) | CBE (%) d | Br/Cl | z1 e | z2 e | Caexcess (meq/L) f | Nadeficit (meq/L) f | Water Type |
W1 | 188,000 | 4.0 | −19.3 | −161 | 331,000 | 6.2 | 0.00002 | 0.09 | 9.5 | −141.3 | −1410.0 | Na-Cl |
W2 | 571 | 0.0 | −18.5 | −154 | 3550 | −1.0 | 0.00007 | 0.00 | 8.5 | 31.5 | −2.2 | “mixed” |
W4 | 596 | 0.0 | −19.3 | −157 | 3260 | 6.2 | 0.00008 | 0.02 | 8.4 | 31.4 | −2.8 | “mixed” |
W5 | 186,000 | 4.5 | −19.9 | −163 | 324,000 | 5.0 | 0.00002 | 0.07 | 9.4 | −129.1 | −1239.9 | Na-Cl |
W6 | 37,900 | 0.8 | −19.7 | −162 | 66,800 | 1.2 | 0.00002 | 0.02 | 9.4 | 1.7 | −172.0 | Na-Cl |
W7 | 778 | 3.0 | −14.6 | −134 | 3110 | 1.8 | 0.004 | 0.11 | 5.3 | 20.5 | −6.5 | “mixed” |
W8 | 4360 | 0.1 | −18.2 | −153 | 9450 | 1.2 | 0.00003 | 0.02 | 9.2 | 25.0 | −19.4 | Na-Cl |
W10 | 18 | 0.0 | −8.8 | −105 | 619 | −4.0 | 0.001 | 0.13 | 6.1 | 0.7 | −0.2 | Ca-HCO3 |
W13 | 17 | 0.0 | −7.1 | −102 | 370 | −3.3 | 0.001 | −0.60 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 0.2 | “mixed” |
W14 | 19 | 0.0 | −19.9 | −169 | 2300 | 2.5 | 0.001 | −0.81 | 5.5 | 28.5 | 0.3 | Ca-SO4 |
W16 | 9 | 0.0 | −19.8 | −164 | 2300 | 7.5 | 0.002 | −0.11 | 5.5 | 31.5 | 0.0 | Ca-SO4 |
W17 | 16 | 0.0 | −19.9 | −164 | 2390 | 9.0 | 0.001 | −0.55 | 5.7 | 32.6 | 0.2 | Ca-SO4 |
W20 | 27 | 0.0 | −21.2 | −165 | 2320 | 2.6 | 0.001 | −0.59 | 5.8 | 28.0 | 0.3 | Ca-SO4 |
W21 | 23 | 0.0 | −23.1 | −179 | 2320 | −0.3 | 0.002 | −0.27 | 5.7 | 26.3 | 0.1 | Ca-SO4 |
W22 | 15 | 0.0 | −11.8 | −127 | 840 | −1.7 | 0.002 | −0.66 | 5.4 | 8.4 | 0.2 | Ca-SO4 |
W23 | 51 | 0.0 | −20.2 | −167 | 2660 | 3.7 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 6.4 | 30.9 | −0.3 | Ca-SO4 |
W24 | 17 | 0.0 | −18.6 | −157 | 1920 | −1.2 | 0.001 | −1.13 | 5.5 | 23.8 | 0.3 | Ca-SO4 |
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Déri-Takács, J.; Rostron, B.J.; Mendoza, C.; Mádl-Szőnyi, J. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics Refine the Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. Water 2022, 14, 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060965
Déri-Takács J, Rostron BJ, Mendoza C, Mádl-Szőnyi J. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics Refine the Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. Water. 2022; 14(6):965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060965
Chicago/Turabian StyleDéri-Takács, Judit, Benjamin J. Rostron, Carl Mendoza, and Judit Mádl-Szőnyi. 2022. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics Refine the Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada" Water 14, no. 6: 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060965