Coupling Regulation of Root-Zone Soil Water and Fertilizer for Summer Maize with Drip Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
First-Degree Regulating | Second-Degree Regulating | Third-Degree Regulating | Treatment Code |
---|---|---|---|
Emitter Discharge Rate (L/h2) | Irrigating Water Quota (m3/hm2) | Fertilization Frequency (Day) | |
0.8 | 120 | 7 | Sa1 |
14 | Sa2 | ||
28 | Sa3 | ||
150 | 7 | Sb1 | |
14 | Sb2 | ||
28 | Sb3 | ||
2.7 | 120 | 7 | Ha1 |
14 | Ha2 | ||
28 | Ha3 | ||
150 | 7 | Hb1 | |
14 | Hb2 | ||
28 | Hb3 |
2.3. Volumetric Soil Water Content
2.4. Evapotranspiration
2.5. Aboveground Dry Matter Weight
2.6. Grain Yield and Yield Composition
2.7. Water-Use Efficiency, Irrigation Water-Use Efficiency, and Precipitation Water-Use Efficiency
2.8. Partial Factor Productivity of Fertilizer (Pfp)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Soil Moisture Dynamics Change and Evapotranspiration
3.2. Dry Matter Accumulation
3.3. Grain Yield and Yield Compositions
3.4. WUE, WUEI, WUEP and Pfp
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Layer | Rapidly Available | Total | Organic Matter | pH | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen | Phosphorus | Potassium | Nitrogen | Phosphorus | Potassium | |||
cm | mg/kg | mg/kg | mg/kg | g/kg | mg/kg | g/kg | g/kg | |
0–10 | 634.18 | 32.0 | 168.90 | 2.26 | 639.83 | 11.01 | 296.7 | 7.24 |
20–40 | 591.55 | 33.9 | 187.77 | 2.02 | 661.06 | 12.21 | 282.7 | 7.43 |
20–40 | 372.02 | 26.2 | 216.30 | 1.62 | 359.31 | 20.94 | 256.0 | 7.64 |
40–60 | 417.50 | 25.6 | 204.53 | 1.61 | 374.24 | 12.94 | 257.3 | 7.58 |
60–80 | 714.14 | 24.8 | 205.60 | 2.51 | 371.21 | 13.30 | 306.0 | 7.53 |
Treatments | Soil Moisture Consumption (mm) | ET (mm) | Soil Moisture Consumption (mm) | ET (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | −91.46 a | 298.3 a | 2017 | |
S | −49.40 a | 463.25 a | ||
H | −104.93 b | 284.83 b | −66.84 b | 426.92 b |
a | −104.67 b | 281.35 b | −68.89 b | 431.13 b |
b | −91.72 a | 301.78 a | −47.34 a | 459.05 a |
1 | −106.63 b | 283.13 c | −60.50 a | 443.26 a |
2 | −102.59 b | 287.17 b | −56.71 a | 447.05 a |
3 | −85.37 a | 304.39 a | −57.14 a | 444.95 a |
Sa1 | −113.03 ef | 272.99 d | −68.6 cd | 421.42 de |
Sa2 | −83.16 bc | 302.86 b | −33.89 a | 456.13 ab |
Sa3 | −79.08 b | 306.94 b | −40.57 ab | 449.45 ab |
Sb1 | −115.04 f | 278.46 d | −39.26 ab | 458.24 ab |
Sb2 | −91.22 c | 302.28 b | −45.32 ab | 452.18 ab |
Sb3 | −67.24 a | 326.26 a | −68.74 cd | 428.76 cd |
Ha1 | −111.49 ef | 274.53 d | −94.72 e | 395.3 f |
Ha2 | −136.44 g | 249.58 e | −92.71 e | 397.31 f |
Ha3 | −104.85 de | 281.17 d | −82.88 de | 407.14 ef |
Hb1 | −86.95 bc | 306.55 b | −39.42 ab | 458.08 ab |
Hb2 | −99.52 d | 293.98 c | −54.92 bc | 442.58 bc |
Hb3 | −90.32 c | 303.18 b | −36.39 a | 461.11 a |
Treatments | Rows per Spike (Rows Spikes−1) | Kernels per Row (Kernels Row−1) | 1000-Kernel Weight (g) | Grain Yield (kg/hm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 S | 9596.85 a | |||
14.06 a | 32.34 a | 261.63 a | ||
H | 14.15 a | 29.62 b | 254.30 b | 8470.20 b |
a | 13.90 a | 30.10 b | 254.96 b | 8825.85 b |
b | 14.31 a | 31.86 a | 260.97 a | 9241.21 a |
1 | 14.25 a | 31.20 b | 264.91 a | 9071.12 b |
2 | 13.99 a | 32.14 a | 256.14 b | 9243.75 a |
3 | 14.08 a | 29.60 c | 252.84 c | 8785.80 c |
Sa1 | 14.44 abc | 33.30 b | 264.49 b | 9783.33 b |
Sa2 | 14.00 abc | 32.67 b | 259.84 c | 9300.45 c |
Sa3 | 14.00 abc | 30.53 cd | 250.39 f | 9148.65 c |
Sb1 | 13.11 c | 35.33 a | 278.62 a | 10,129.65 a |
Sb2 | 14.00 abc | 33.48 b | 260.16 c | 9934.20 b |
Sb3 | 14.83 ab | 28.74 ef | 256.30 de | 9284.55 c |
Ha1 | 15.11 a | 26.37 g | 253.07 ef | 7702.05 f |
Ha2 | 14.44 abc | 29.59 de | 250.53 f | 8575.50 de |
Ha3 | 14.39 abc | 28.13 f | 251.44 f | 8445.32 de |
Hb1 | 14.33 abc | 29.80 de | 263.48 b | 8669.10 d |
Hb2 | 13.50 bc | 32.83 b | 254.04 ef | 9164.55 c |
Hb3 | 13.11 c | 31.00 c | 253.22 ef | 8264.85 e |
2017 | ||||
S | 15.25 a | 37.92 a | 295.00 a | 10,393.05 a |
H | 15.33 a | 37.12 a | 290.63 b | 9606.60 b |
a | 15.17 a | 37.36 a | 287.15 b | 9730.65 b |
b | 15.42 a | 37.68 a | 298.49 a | 10,269.01 a |
1 | 15.50 a | 37.17 b | 305.49 a | 10,107.15 a |
2 | 15.21 a | 38.17 a | 286.74 b | 10,366.95 a |
3 | 15.17 a | 37.22 b | 286.23 b | 9525.60 b |
Sa1 | 15.50 a | 38.53 a | 307.93 c | 10,973.85 b |
Sa2 | 15.17 a | 38.50 a | 278.06 i | 9885.75 g |
Sa3 | 14.83 a | 37.20 bcd | 274.93 j | 9688.35 i |
Sb1 | 15.67 a | 38.60 a | 316.50 a | 11,024.55 a |
Sb2 | 15.00 a | 37.57 a | 310.06 b | 10,846.52 c |
Sb3 | 15.33 a | 37.13 cd | 282.54 h | 9939.15 f |
Ha1 | 14.83 a | 35.27 f | 295.83 f | 8623.95 i |
Ha2 | 15.00 a | 38.03 a | 277.18 i | 10,140.90 e |
Ha3 | 15.67 a | 36.63 de | 288.98 g | 9071.25 k |
Hb1 | 16.00 a | 36.30 e | 301.68 d | 9806.10 h |
Hb2 | 15.67 a | 38.57 a | 281.67 h | 10,594.21 d |
Hb3 | 14.83 a | 37.93 a | 298.46 e | 9403.35 j |
Treatments | WUE (kg/m3) | WUEI (kg/m3) | WUEp (kg/m3) | Pfp (kg/kg) | WUE (kg/m3) | WUEI (kg/m3) | WUEp (kg/m3) | Pfp (kg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 S | 3.24 a | 20.87 a | 2017 | |||||
2.80 a | 41.95 a | 2.34 a | 40.32 a | 2.23 a | 45.43 a | |||
H | 3.00 b | 18.49 b | 2.47 b | 37.03 b | 2.26 b | 37.20 b | 2.06 b | 42.00 b |
a | 3.01 b | 18.04 b | 2.63 a | 38.58 b | 2.29 a | 34.26 b | 2.20 a | 42.54 b |
b | 3.24 a | 21.32 a | 2.64 a | 40.40 a | 2.32 a | 43.25 a | 2.08 b | 44.89 a |
1 | 3.23 a | 19.78 a | 2.64 b | 39.66 b | 2.34 b | 39.15 b | 2.16 b | 44.18 a |
2 | 3.24 a | 20.13 a | 2.69 a | 40.41 a | 2.38 a | 40.14 a | 2.22 a | 45.32 a |
3 | 2.89 b | 19.12 b | 2.56 c | 38.41 c | 2.19 c | 36.98 c | 2.04 c | 41.64 b |
Sa1 | 3.64 a | 20.28 c | 2.95 a | 42.77 b | 2.41 b | 36.79 g | 2.36 a | 47.97 b |
Sa2 | 3.29 b | 19.89 cd | 2.89 ab | 40.66 c | 2.4 b | 36.19 h | 2.32 c | 43.22 j |
Sa3 | 2.85 ef | 18.59 e | 2.71 c | 39.99 c | 2.32 c | 33.16 j | 2.13 f | 42.35 i |
Sb1 | 3.59 a | 23.03 a | 2.85 b | 44.28 a | 2.61 a | 48.78 a | 2.35 b | 48.19 a |
Sb2 | 3.07 cd | 21.9 b | 2.71 c | 43.43 b | 2.17 de | 43.94 c | 2.12 g | 47.42 c |
Sb3 | 2.99 de | 21.54 b | 2.67 c | 40.59 c | 2.16 de | 43.06 d | 2.07 i | 43.45 f |
Ha1 | 2.52 g | 15.42 g | 2.24 f | 33.67 f | 2.14 e | 32.72 k | 2.1 h | 37.70 i |
Ha2 | 2.92 def | 17.17 f | 2.5 de | 37.49 de | 2.4 bc | 35.35 i | 2.27 d | 44.33 e |
Ha3 | 2.79 f | 16.91 f | 2.46 de | 36.92 de | 2.04 f | 31.38 l | 2.01 j | 39.66 k |
Hb1 | 3.16 bc | 20.41 c | 2.53 d | 37.90 d | 2.18 de | 38.33 f | 1.85 l | 42.87 h |
Hb2 | 3.67 a | 21.58 b | 2.67 c | 40.06 c | 2.56 a | 45.08 b | 2.17 e | 46.31 d |
Hb3 | 2.94 def | 19.46 d | 2.41 e | 36.13 d | 2.23 d | 40.32 e | 1.94 k | 41.11 j |
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Ma, C.; Liu, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Muhammad, T.; Xiao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Z.; Li, Y. Coupling Regulation of Root-Zone Soil Water and Fertilizer for Summer Maize with Drip Irrigation. Water 2022, 14, 3680. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223680
Ma C, Liu S, Wang X, Wang L, Muhammad T, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Sun Z, Li Y. Coupling Regulation of Root-Zone Soil Water and Fertilizer for Summer Maize with Drip Irrigation. Water. 2022; 14(22):3680. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223680
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Changjian, Shenglin Liu, Xuejun Wang, Lu Wang, Tahir Muhammad, Yang Xiao, Yue Wang, Zeqiang Sun, and Yunkai Li. 2022. "Coupling Regulation of Root-Zone Soil Water and Fertilizer for Summer Maize with Drip Irrigation" Water 14, no. 22: 3680. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223680