Implementation of FeSO4·H2O as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for the Elimination of Organic Pollutants from Tertiary Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Process Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Procedure of Coagulation–Flocculation
2.2. Design of Experiments
2.3. Kinetics and Thermodynamics Modeling
2.4. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Regression Model of Response
3.2. Response Surface Analyses
3.3. Process Optimization and Validation
3.4. Kinetics and Thermodynamics Modeling
3.5. Assessment Post-Treatment of POME Using FeSO4·H2O as a Coagulant
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Factors | Units | Symbol | Coded Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (−1) | Intermediate (0) | High (+1) | |||
pH | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
Coagulant dosage | g/L | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |
Slow mixing speed | rpm | 20 | 35 | 50 | |
Flocculation time | min | 30 | 45 | 60 |
Run | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Removal (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD | BOD | SS | ||||||||
Observed | Predicted | Observed | Predicted | Observed | Predicted | |||||
1 | 4 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 64.46 | 68.48 | 64.59 | 64.13 | 71.28 | 72.57 |
2 | 6 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 60.87 | 60.41 | 63.32 | 62.94 | 69.86 | 69.8 |
3 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 30 | 72.67 | 72.94 | 76.89 | 76.99 | 85.46 | 84.08 |
4 | 6 | 2 | 20 | 30 | 68.6 | 67.01 | 64.43 | 64.25 | 76.91 | 77.15 |
5 | 4 | 1 | 50 | 30 | 67.61 | 67.13 | 61.62 | 61.49 | 70.63 | 71.09 |
6 | 6 | 1 | 50 | 30 | 58.59 | 60.06 | 60.28 | 58.67 | 67.58 | 67.53 |
7 | 4 | 2 | 50 | 30 | 71.95 | 72.55 | 78.41 | 80.48 | 84.26 | 84.09 |
8 | 6 | 2 | 50 | 30 | 66.18 | 67.61 | 66.38 | 66.11 | 75.28 | 76.36 |
9 | 4 | 1 | 20 | 60 | 84.94 | 83.21 | 66.31 | 66.52 | 82.92 | 81.5 |
10 | 6 | 1 | 20 | 60 | 69.26 | 69.51 | 72.28 | 71.23 | 78.46 | 78.77 |
11 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 60 | 88.5 | 87.87 | 79.64 | 82.27 | 92.28 | 92.47 |
12 | 6 | 2 | 20 | 60 | 76.12 | 76.3 | 75.36 | 75.43 | 86.37 | 85.57 |
13 | 4 | 1 | 50 | 60 | 77.51 | 79.95 | 62.41 | 63.61 | 76.54 | 76.44 |
14 | 6 | 1 | 50 | 60 | 67.8 | 67.23 | 66.85 | 66.69 | 71.89 | 72.92 |
15 | 4 | 2 | 50 | 60 | 85.4 | 85.56 | 85.19 | 85.5 | 89.17 | 88.89 |
16 | 6 | 2 | 50 | 60 | 78.16 | 74.98 | 75.54 | 77.02 | 82.35 | 81.2 |
17 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 96.5 | 94.75 | 91.42 | 93.13 | 96.34 | 96.94 |
18 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 96.5 | 94.75 | 96.83 | 93.13 | 97.69 | 96.94 |
19 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 93.1 | 94.75 | 91.26 | 93.13 | 95.99 | 96.94 |
20 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 95.1 | 94.75 | 96.84 | 93.13 | 96.92 | 96.94 |
21 | 3 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 62.7 | 60.65 | 52.55 | 50.06 | 59.52 | 60.13 |
22 | 7 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 40.5 | 42 | 38.87 | 40.4 | 50.07 | 49.67 |
23 | 5 | 0.5 | 35 | 45 | 74.14 | 71.94 | 57.17 | 58.84 | 80.36 | 79.53 |
24 | 5 | 2.5 | 35 | 45 | 82.5 | 84.15 | 84.67 | 82.04 | 98.29 | 99.33 |
25 | 5 | 1.5 | 5 | 45 | 83.37 | 83.49 | 88.41 | 88.42 | 67.51 | 68.23 |
26 | 5 | 1.5 | 65 | 45 | 81.49 | 80.82 | 88.35 | 87.38 | 62.9 | 62.39 |
27 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 15 | 79.37 | 77.01 | 80.38 | 81.29 | 85.52 | 84.72 |
28 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 75 | 97.3 | 99.11 | 96.47 | 94.6 | 97.49 | 98.5 |
29 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 96.2 | 97.1 | 94.36 | 95.8 | 95.27 | 93.48 |
30 | 5 | 1.5 | 35 | 45 | 95.81 | 97.1 | 93.42 | 95.8 | 92.51 | 93.48 |
Term | Coefficient | Standard Error | T-Value | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD | BOD | SS | COD | BOD | SS | COD | BOD | SS | COD | BOD | SS | |
Constant | 95.926 | 94.47 | 95.209 | 0.978 | 1.01 | 0.506 | 98.07 | 93.09 | 188.14 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
X1 | −4.661 | −2.416 | −2.614 | 0.483 | 0.501 | 0.250 | −9.65 | −4.82 | −10.46 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
X2 | 3.053 | 5.799 | 4.949 | 0.483 | 0.501 | 0.250 | 6.32 | 11.57 | 19.80 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
X3 | −0.666 | −0.261 | −1.461 | 0.483 | 0.501 | 0.250 | −1.38 | −0.52 | −5.85 | 0.190 | 0.611 | 0.000 |
X4 | 5.526 | 3.327 | 3.444 | 0.483 | 0.501 | 0.250 | 11.44 | 6.64 | 13.78 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
X12 | −11.443 | −12.643 | −9.645 | 0.452 | 0.469 | 0.234 | −25.33 | −26.97 | −41.26 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
X22 | −4.763 | −6.340 | −1.012 | 0.452 | 0.469 | 0.234 | −10.54 | −13.52 | −4.33 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
X32 | −3.736 | −1.975 | −7.042 | 0.452 | 0.469 | 0.234 | −8.27 | −4.21 | −30.12 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
X42 | −2.260 | −1.964 | −0.467 | 0.452 | 0.469 | 0.234 | −5.00 | −4.19 | −2.00 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.066 |
X1X2 | 0.534 | −2.889 | −1.042 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.306 | 0.90 | −4.71 | −3.41 | 0.382 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
X1X3 | 0.249 | −0.409 | −0.198 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.306 | 0.42 | −0.67 | −0.65 | 0.681 | 0.516 | 0.529 |
X1X4 | −1.410 | 1.474 | 0.010 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.306 | −2.38 | 2.40 | 0.03 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.974 |
X2 X 3 | 0.239 | 1.534 | 0.370 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.306 | 0.40 | 2.50 | 1.21 | 0.693 | 0.026 | 0.247 |
X2X 4 | 0.050 | 0.724 | −0.137 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.306 | 0.08 | 1.18 | −0.45 | 0.934 | 0.258 | 0.660 |
X3X 4 | −0.480 | −0.066 | −0.895 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.306 | −0.81 | −0.11 | −2.92 | 0.431 | 0.916 | 0.011 |
Source | Degree of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a COD | b BOD | c SS | COD | BOD | SS | COD | BOD | SS | COD | BOD | SS | ||
Block | 1 | 36.72 | 47.62 | 80.04 | 36.72 | 47.62 | 80.04 | ||||||
Model | 14 | 5479.52 | 6399.73 | 4668.36 | 391.39 | 457.12 | 333.45 | 69.89 | 75.83 | 222.45 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Residual | 14 | 78.40 | 84.40 | 20.99 | 5.60 | 6.03 | 1.50 | ||||||
Lack of fit | 10 | 70.56 | 53.75 | 15.52 | 7.06 | 5.37 | 1.55 | 3.60 | 0.7014 | 1.14 | 0.1142 | 0.7051 | 0.4907 |
Pure error | 4 | 7.84 | 30.65 | 5.47 | 1.96 | 7.66 | 1.37 | ||||||
Total | 29 | 5594.64 | 6531.74 | 4769.39 |
Parameters | Optimized Condition | Removal (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD | BOD | SS | |||||
Predicted | Actual | Predicted | Actual | Predicted | Actual | ||
pH | 4.7 | 97.73 | 96.21 ± 2.34 | 98.15 | 96.72 ± 1.85 | 97.58 | 96.97 ± 2.18 |
Coagulant dosage (g/L) | 1.82 | ||||||
Slow mixing speed (rpm) | 30 | ||||||
Flocculation time (min) | 60 |
Parameters | T (°C) | qe (Exp) (mg/mg) | Pseudo-1st-Order Kinetics | Pseudo-2nd-Order Kinetics | Thermodynamics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe (mg/mg) | K1 (1/min) | R2 | qe (mg/mg) | K2 (mg/mg.min) | R2 | ΔGo (kJ/mol) | ΔHo (kJ/mol) | ΔSo (J/mol) | |||
COD | 28 | 1.519 | 1.466 | 0.0531 | 0.9711 | 1.731 | 0.076 | 0.9953 | 8.622 | 8.426 | −5.372 |
40 | 1.526 | 1.342 | 0.0524 | 0.9687 | 1.703 | 0.093 | 0.9984 | 8.628 | |||
50 | 1.530 | 1.096 | 0.0444 | 0.9553 | 1.666 | 0.123 | 0.9991 | 8.635 | |||
60 | 1.551 | 1.022 | 0.0375 | 0.9951 | 1.660 | 0.142 | 0.9993 | 8.641 | |||
70 | 1.562 | 1.155 | 0.0481 | 0.9598 | 1.651 | 0.162 | 0.9997 | 8.648 | |||
BOD | 28 | 0.767 | 0.746 | 0.0227 | 0.9987 | 0.854 | 0.148 | 0.9975 | 8.401 | 8.337 | −1.758 |
40 | 0.769 | 0.715 | 0.0217 | 0.9975 | 0.839 | 0.175 | 0.9955 | 8.403 | |||
50 | 0.771 | 0.686 | 0.0206 | 0.9864 | 0.841 | 0.183 | 0.9965 | 8.406 | |||
60 | 0.777 | 0.639 | 0.0173 | 0.9296 | 0.842 | 0.197 | 0.9971 | 8.408 | |||
70 | 0.778 | 1.306 | 0.0025 | 0.8981 | 0.830 | 0.240 | 0.9983 | 8.410 | |||
SS | 28 | 3.525 | 1.330 | 0.0019 | 0.9711 | 3.824 | 0.039 | 0.9953 | 8.675 | 8.419 | −7.034 |
40 | 3.545 | 1.452 | 0.0258 | 0.9774 | 3.848 | 0.041 | 0.9948 | 8.684 | |||
50 | 3.554 | 1.459 | 0.0316 | 0.9568 | 3.854 | 0.048 | 0.9965 | 8.692 | |||
60 | 3.579 | 1.462 | 0.0347 | 0.9746 | 3.864 | 0.054 | 0.9984 | 8.701 | |||
70 | 3.587 | 1.377 | 0.0364 | 0.9779 | 3.797 | 0.074 | 0.9995 | 8.709 |
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Hossain, M.S.; Rashdi, S.A.; Hamed, Y.; Al-Gheethi, A.; Omar, F.M.; Zulkifli, M.; Ahmad Yahaya, A.N. Implementation of FeSO4·H2O as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for the Elimination of Organic Pollutants from Tertiary Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Process Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies. Water 2022, 14, 3602. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223602
Hossain MS, Rashdi SA, Hamed Y, Al-Gheethi A, Omar FM, Zulkifli M, Ahmad Yahaya AN. Implementation of FeSO4·H2O as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for the Elimination of Organic Pollutants from Tertiary Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Process Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies. Water. 2022; 14(22):3602. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223602
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossain, Md. Sohrab, Shabib Al Rashdi, Yaman Hamed, Adel Al-Gheethi, Fatehah Mohd Omar, Muzafar Zulkifli, and Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya. 2022. "Implementation of FeSO4·H2O as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for the Elimination of Organic Pollutants from Tertiary Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Process Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies" Water 14, no. 22: 3602. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223602