Agro-Industrial Waste as Potential Heavy Metal Adsorbents and Subsequent Safe Disposal of Spent Adsorbents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Biomass
2.3. Biomass Characterization
2.4. Batch Adsorption Experiments
2.5. Spent Adsorbents Disposal in Clay Ceramics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass Characterization
3.2. Adsorption Process Characterization
3.3. Spent Adsorbent Disposal
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomass | Surface Area (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Mean Pore Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
Pine sawdust | 1.1 | 0.003 | 9.4 |
Sunflower seed hulls | 0.7 | 0.0009 | 4.9 |
Corn residues mix | 1.5 | 0.006 | 14.9 |
Wavenumber (cm−1) | Assignment |
---|---|
3332–3336 | O-H stretching of carboxylic acids and alcohols/phenols, and N-H of amino and amide groups |
2918–2922 | Asymmetric C-H stretching of CH3 |
2846–2850 | Symmetric C-H stretching of CH2 and stretching of methoxy groups |
1722–1726 | C-O stretching of carbonyl, C=O of acetyl, carboxyl, aldehydes and aromatic/conjugated esters |
1603–1624 | COO- stretching of carboxyl groups, C=C of the aromatic ring, and C=O, C-N, C-N-H stretching of amides, and O-H bending |
1508–1510 | C=C stretching of aromatic ring, N-H bending |
1458 | C=C aromatic, C=O stretching and symmetric bending of C-H, O-H |
1419–1437 | O-H bending of acids, vibrations of aromatic rings and bending of CH2 and aromatic functional groups such as C=C and C=O |
1371 | Asymmetric C-H bending of CH3, CH2 |
1321–1325 | O-H bending of phenol group, C–N groups |
1224–1240 | C-O stretching of phenols and carboxylic acids, and alkyl aryl ether bonds |
1153–1157 | Asymmetric stretching of the C-O-C pyranose backbone |
1095–1109 | C-OH and C-H stretching |
1034–1036 | C-O stretching in carboxyl group, C-O-C, dialkyl ether, C-H of aromatics, and C=C and C-C-O |
874–895 | Changes in aromatic structures such as C–H stretching of aromatics |
Clay Ceramics | Retention Efficiency (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ni(II) | Zn(II) | Cd(II) | |
Pine sawdust | >88.5 | >98.2 | >97.1 |
Sunflower seed hulls | >95.9 | >99.1 | >98.5 |
Corn residues mix | >93.4 | >98.7 | >97.9 |
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Simón, D.; Palet, C.; Costas, A.; Cristóbal, A. Agro-Industrial Waste as Potential Heavy Metal Adsorbents and Subsequent Safe Disposal of Spent Adsorbents. Water 2022, 14, 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203298
Simón D, Palet C, Costas A, Cristóbal A. Agro-Industrial Waste as Potential Heavy Metal Adsorbents and Subsequent Safe Disposal of Spent Adsorbents. Water. 2022; 14(20):3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203298
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimón, Daiana, Cristina Palet, Agustín Costas, and Adrián Cristóbal. 2022. "Agro-Industrial Waste as Potential Heavy Metal Adsorbents and Subsequent Safe Disposal of Spent Adsorbents" Water 14, no. 20: 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203298