Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in a Ramsar Wetland, Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis Methods
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Spatial Distribution of SOC and TN Content
3.3. Relationship between SOC and TN and Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Land Cover Types on SOC and TN
4.2. Effects of Environmental Factors on SOC and TN
4.3. Other Factor in the Spatial Distribution of SOC and TN
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Levin, L.A.; Boesch, D.F.; Covich, A.; Dahm, C.; Erseus, C.; Ewel, K.C.; Kneib, R.T.; Moldenke, A.; Palmer, M.A.; Snelgrove, P.; et al. The Function of Marine Critical Transition Zones and the Importance of Sediment Biodiversity. Ecosystems 2001, 4, 430–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, X.J.; Liu, B.H.; Jiang, M.; Lu, X.G. Marshland Loss Warms Local Land Surface Temperature in China. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2020, 47, e2020GL087648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shen, X.J.; Jiang, M.; Lu, X.G.; Liu, X.T.; Liu, B.; Zhang, J.Q.; Wang, X.W.; Tong, S.Z.; Lei, G.C.; Wang, S.Z.; et al. Aboveground Biomass and Its Spatial Distribution Pattern of Herbaceous Marsh Vegetation in China. Sci. China Earth. Sci. 2021, 64, 1115–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nellemann, C.; Corcoran, E.; Duarte, C.M.; Valdés, L.; De Young, C.; Fonseca, L.; Grimsditch, G. (Eds.) Blue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment; United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, Birkeland Trykkeri AS: Birkeland, Norway, 2009; pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-82-7701-060-1. Available online: https://www.grida.no/publications/145 (accessed on 28 November 2021).
- Davidson, I.C.; Cott, G.M.; Devaney, J.L.; Simkanin, C. Differential Effects of Biological Invasions on Coastal Blue Carbon: A Global Review and Meta-Analysis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2018, 24, 5218–5230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, J.W.; Ye, S.F.; Chen, X.C.; Yang, H.L.; Sun, X.H.; Wang, F.M.; Wen, Q.; Chen, S.B. Coastal Blue Carbon: Concept, Study Method, and the Application to Ecological Restoration. Sci. China Earth. Sci. 2018, 61, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, C.Z.; Luo, Y.Q.; Jiang, L.F.; Zhou, X.H.; Wu, X.W.; Fang, C.M.; Chen, J.K.; Li, B. Invasion of Spartina alterniflora Enhanced Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Ecosystems 2007, 10, 1351–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, L.; Qiu, S.Y.; Huang, J.X.; Li, B. Invasion of Spartina alterniflora in China is Greatly Facilitated by Increased Growth and Clonality: A Comparative Study of Native and Introduced Populations. Biol. Invasions 2015, 17, 1327–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keller, J.K.; Anthony, T.; Clark, D.; Gabriel, K.; Gamalath, D.; Kabala, R.; King, J.; Medina, L.; Nguyen, M. Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in Two Southern California Salt Marshes: The Role of Pre-Restoration Vegetation. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2015, 1, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galloway, J.N.; Dentener, F.J.; Capone, D.G.; Boyer, E.W.; Howarth, R.W.; Seitzinger, S.P.; Asner, G.P.; Cleveland, C.C.; Green, P.A.; Holland, E.A.; et al. Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future. Biogeochemistry 2004, 70, 153–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meeran, K.; Ingrisch, J.; Reinthaler, D.; Canarini, A.; Mueller, L.; Potsch, E.M.; Richter, A.; Wanek, W.; Bahn, M. Warming and Elevated CO2 Intensify Drought and Recovery Responses of Grassland Carbon Allocation to Soil Respiration. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2021, 27, 3230–3243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, C.; Li, F.; Xie, Y.H.; Deng, Z.M.; Hou, Z.Y.; Li, X. Spatial distribution and stoichiometry of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus along an elevation gradient in a wetland in China. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2019, 70, 1128–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.G.; Wang, G.C.; Zhang, G.H.; Wang, H.B.; Ren, T.Y. Effects of Land Use Types and Environmental Factors on Spatial Distribution of Soil Total Nitrogen in a Coalfield on the Loess Plateau, China. Soil Tillage Res. 2021, 211, 105027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, D.H.; Wang, Z.M.; Li, L.; Miao, Z.H.; Ma, W.H.; Song, C.C.; Ren, C.Y.; Jia, M.M. Soil organic carbon in the Sanjiang Plain of China: Storage, distribution and controlling factors. Biogeosciences 2015, 12, 1635–1645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chaplot, V.; Bouahom, B.; Valentin, C. Soil organic carbon stocks in Laos: Spatial variations and controlling factors. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2010, 16, 1380–1393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.Y.; Zha, T.G.; Zhang, X.X.; Ma, L.M. Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in the Loess Plateau, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 693, 133632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.T.; Zhang, R.H.; Wang, G.X.; Zhao, L.; Ding, Y.J.; Wang, Y.B. Spatial variability characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen reveal typical alpine meadow degradation on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Sci. 2009, 30, 1826–1831. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Gao, J.H.; Bai, F.L.; Yang, G.S.; Ou, W.X. Distribution Characteristics of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphor in Sedments from Different Ecologic Zones of Tidal Flats in North Jiangsu Province. Quat. Sci. 2007, 20, 756–765. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yang, R.M.; Guo, W.W. Exotic Spartina alterniflora Enhances the Soil Functions of a Coastal Ecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2018, 82, 901–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, Z.G.; Wang, G.X.; Liu, J.E.; Ren, L.J. Influence of Salt Marsh Vegetation on Spatial Distribution of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Yancheng Coastal Wetland. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2009, 20, 293–297. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- An, S.Q.; Gu, B.H.; Zhou, C.F.; Wang, Z.S.; Deng, Z.F.; Zhi, Y.B.; Li, H.L.; Chen, L.; Yu, D.H.; Liu, Y.H. Spartina Invasion in China: Implications for Invasive Species Management and Future Research. Weed Res. 2007, 47, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, S.; Du, Y.F.; Xie, W.J.; Gao, W.H.; Wang, D.D.; Wu, X.D. Environment-Ecosystem Dynamic Processes of Spartina alterniflora Salt-Marshes along the Eastern China Coastlines. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2014, 57, 2567–2586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luan, Z.Q.; Yan, D.D.; Xue, Y.Y.; Shi, D.; Xu, D.D.; Liu, B.; Wang, L.B.; An, Y.T. Research Progress on the Ecohydrological Mechanisms of Spartina alterniflora Invasion in Coastal Wetlands. J. Agric. Resour. Environ. 2020, 37, 469–476. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Lu, X.; Lin, Y.L.; Wu, Y.N.; Gu, Y.; Zhao, Q. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Milu National Nature Reserve of Coastal Wetland. Trans. Oceanol. Limnol. 2018, 4, 74–81. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Lu, R.K. Analysis Method of Soil Agricultural Chemistry; China Agricultural Science and Technology Press: Beijing, China, 2000; pp. 269–290. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Walkley, A.; Black, I.A. An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter, and A Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil Sci. 1934, 37, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goovaerts, P. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation (Applied Geostatistics); Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- Robertson, G.P. GS+: Geostatistics for the Environmental Sciences; Gamma Design Software: Plainwell, MI, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, Y.L.; Jin, Z.; Lin, H.; Wang, Y.Q.; Zhao, Y.L.; Chu, G.C.; Zhang, J.; Song, Y.; Zheng, H. Spatial Variation and Soil Nitrogen Potential Hotspots in A Mixed Land Cover Catchment on the Chinese Loesss Plateau. J. Mt. Sci. 2019, 16, 1353–1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castillo, J.A.A.; Apan, A.A.; Maraseni, T.N.; Salmo, S.G. Soil C quantities of mangrove forests, their competing land uses, and their spatial distribution in the coast of Honda Bay, Philippines. Geoderma 2017, 293, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Y.X.; Li, X.Y.; Mao, D.H.; Wang, Z.M.; Jia, M.M.; Chen, L. Investigating Spatial and Vertical Patterns of Wetland Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations in China’s Western Songnen Plain by Comparing Different Algorithms. Sustainability 2020, 12, 932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cambardella, C.A.; Moorman, T.B.; Novak, J.M.; Parkin, T.B.; Karlen, D.L.; Turco, R.F.; Konopka, A.E. Field-Scale Variability of Soil Properties in Central Iowa Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1994, 58, 1501–1511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramette, A. Multivariate Analyses in Microbial Ecology. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2007, 62, 142–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kadela, S.; Persicoa, M.; Thibodeaua, J.; Lainéc, C.; Bazinet, L. Use of Redundancy Analysis and Multivariate Regression Models to Select the Significant Membrane Properties Affecting Peptide Migration During Electrodialysis with Filtration Membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2019, 221, 114–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wheeler, D.C.; Calder, C.A. An Assessment of Coefficient Accuracy in Linear Regression Models with Spatially Varying Coefficients. J. Geogr. Syst. 2007, 9, 145–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, J.B.; Dong, H.F.; Li, Y.Z.; Wu, H.F.; Guan, B.; Gao, Y.J.; Zhou, D.; Wang, Y.L. Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon in Newborn Coastal Wetlands of the Yellow River Delta Estuary. Clean-Soil Air Water 2014, 42, 311–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.P. Study on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in East Chongming Wetland. Master’s Thesis, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.B.; Zhao, R.F.; Zhang, L.H.; Zhang, X.Y. Soil Organic Carbon and Its Influencing Factors on the Different Plant Communities in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Wetland. Pratacult. Sci. 2020, 37, 833–844. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wu, G.L.; Liu, Y.; Tian, F.P.; Shi, Z.H. Legumes Functional Group Promotes Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Storage by Increasing Plant Diversity. Land Degrad. Dev. 2017, 28, 1336–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Pu, L.J.; Liao, Q.L.; Zhu, M.; Yu, X.; Mao, T.Y.; Xu, C.X. Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in the Coastal Area of Mid-Eastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bai, J.H.; Ouyang, H.; Deng, W.; Zhu, Y.M.; Zhang, X.L.; Wang, Q.G. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Organic Matter and Total Nitrogen of Marsh Soils in River Marginal Wetlands. Geoderma 2005, 124, 181–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Li, X.; Ji, X.D.; Zhang, Z.Q.; Zhang, H.S.; Zha, T.G.; Jiang, L. Elevation and Total Nitrogen are the Critical Factors that Control the Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Shrubland on the Bashang Plateau, China. Catena 2021, 204, 105415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hazlett, P.W.; Gordon, A.M.; Sibley, P.K.; Buttle, J.M. Stand Carbon Stocks and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage for Riparian and Upland Forests of Boreal Lakes in Northeastern Ontario. For. Ecol. Manag. 2005, 219, 56–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.H.; Kariman, K.; Zhu, L.; Liu, Y.; Chen, J.J.; Zhu, L.A.; Li, D.Q. Spatial Distribution of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur in Surface Soil Across the Pearl River Delta Area, South China. Geoderma Reg. 2021, 25, e00390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matschullat, J.; Reimann, C.; Birke, M.; Carvalho, D.D.S. GEMAS: CNS Concentrations and C/N Ratios in European Agricultural Soil. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 627, 975–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, L.; He, N.P.; Yu, G.R. Methods of evaluating soil bulk density: Impact on estimating large scale soil organic carbon storage. Catena 2016, 144, 94–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.H.; Pu, L.J.; Zhang, M.; Wang, Q.Q.; Yu, X. Spatial and temporal variations of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pools in the coastal reclamation area, eastern China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2015, 74, 4763–4769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, E.Z.; Li, Y.; Zhang, X.D.; Yan, Z.Q.; Wu, H.D.; Li, M.; Yan, L.; Zhang, K.R.; Wang, J.Z.; Kang, X.M. Soil pH and Nutrients Shape the Vertical Distribution of Microbial Communities in An Alpine Wetland. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 774, 145780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.C.; Van den Bulcke, J.; Wang, X.L.; Gebremikael, M.T.; Hagan, J.; De Neve, S.; Sleutel, S. Soil Texture Strongly Controls Exogenous Organic Matter Mineralization Indirectly via Moisture Upon Progressive Drying—Evidence from Incubation Experiments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2020, 151, 108051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keiluweit, M.; Nico, P.S.; Kleber, M.; Fendorf, S. Are Oxygen Limitations Under Recognized Regulators of Organic Carbon Turnover in Upland Soils? Biogeochemistry 2016, 127, 157–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tong, C.; Yan, Z.P.; Wang, W.Q.; Zeng, C.S. Methane Flux from Invasive Species (Spartina alterniflora) and Influencing Factors in the Min River Estuary. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2008, 28, 826–832. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Tan, L.S. Comparison of Greenhouse Gases Fluxes between Cyperus Malaccensis Marsh and Shrimp Pond in the Min River Esstuary. Master’s Thesis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Tong, C.; Wang, C.; Huang, J.F.; Wang, W.Q.; Yan, E.; Liao, J.; Yao, C. Ecosystem Respiration Does not Differ before and after Tidal Inundation in Brackish Marshes of the Min River Estuary, Southeast China. Wetlands 2014, 34, 225–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, D.B.; Ding, Y.H. A Discussion on the Improvement of Habitat in Dafeng David’s Deer Reserve. Rural Eco-Environ. 1997, 13, 9–11. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Variables | Standard Deviation | Variation Coefficient | Minimum | 25% | Median | 75% | Maxima | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBD (g/cm3) | 0.197 | 16.256 | 0.723 | 1.069 | 1.229 | 1.376 | 1.623 | 1.213 |
pH | 0.244 | 2.743 | 8.290 | 8.731 | 8.900 | 9.086 | 9.523 | 8.912 |
SEC (mS/cm) | 1.387 | 50.583 | 0.191 | 1.692 | 2.775 | 3.761 | 6.117 | 2.743 |
Ele (m) | 0.538 | 5.144 | 9.153 | 10.121 | 10.417 | 10.695 | 12.393 | 10.468 |
SMC (%) | 8.445 | 16.530 | 26.707 | 44.838 | 50.560 | 57.127 | 76.617 | 51.087 |
SOC (g/kg) | 4.767 | 55.601 | 0.806 | 4.690 | 7.849 | 12.203 | 19.735 | 8.574 |
TN (g/kg) | 0.417 | 44.416 | 0.228 | 0.598 | 0.888 | 1.244 | 2.116 | 0.938 |
C/N | 2.365 | 26.945 | 1.927 | 7.167 | 8.942 | 10.382 | 14.054 | 8.777 |
AGB | 1041.110 | 69.497 | 17.250 | 530.271 | 1232.500 | 2331.125 | 3872.750 | 1498.060 |
25% | Median | 75% | Z | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOC (g/kg) | vegetation | 7.537 | 10.464 | 13.251 | −6.600 | 0.000 |
mudflat | 2.287 | 4.136 | 5.582 | |||
TN (g/kg) | vegetation | 0.792 | 1.085 | 1.365 | −5.780 | 0.000 |
mudflat | 0.442 | 0.572 | 0.739 |
Model | Nugget | Still | Range (m) | Nugget/Still (%) | R2 | RSS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SqrtSOC | Gaussian model | 0.334 | 0.776 | 693 | 43.041 | 0.902 | 2.37 × 10−2 |
Spherical model | 0.260 | 0.775 | 805 | 33.548 | 0.902 | 2.39 × 10−2 | |
Exponential model | 0.140 | 0.778 | 780 | 17.995 | 0.861 | 3.39 × 10−2 | |
SqrtTN | Spherical model | 0.020 | 0.051 | 1150 | 38.517 | 0.905 | 1.18 × 10−4 |
Gaussian model | 0.024 | 0.051 | 953 | 46.107 | 0.897 | 1.28 × 10−4 | |
Exponential model | 0.011 | 0.052 | 1110 | 22.008 | 0.882 | 1.48 × 10−4 |
Factors | TN | SBD | pH | Ele | SMC | SEC | AGB | C/N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collinearity Statistics | Tolerance | 0.226 | 0.215 | 0.271 | 0.815 | 0.629 | 0.433 | 0.633 | 0.345 |
VIF | 4.423 | 4.654 | 3.693 | 1.227 | 1.589 | 2.308 | 1.580 | 2.901 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yao, X.; Yan, D.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; Sheng, Y.; Xie, S.; Luan, Z. Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in a Ramsar Wetland, Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve. Water 2022, 14, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020197
Yao X, Yan D, Li J, Liu Y, Sheng Y, Xie S, Luan Z. Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in a Ramsar Wetland, Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve. Water. 2022; 14(2):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020197
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Xiuying, Dandan Yan, Jingtai Li, Yao Liu, Yufeng Sheng, Siying Xie, and Zhaoqing Luan. 2022. "Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in a Ramsar Wetland, Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve" Water 14, no. 2: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020197
APA StyleYao, X., Yan, D., Li, J., Liu, Y., Sheng, Y., Xie, S., & Luan, Z. (2022). Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in a Ramsar Wetland, Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve. Water, 14(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020197