Distribution of Microplastics in Beach Sand on the Can Gio Coast, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Method
2.3. Microplastic Analysis
2.4. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
3. Results
3.1. Abundance of Microplastics
3.2. Physical Characteristics of Microplastics
3.3. Composition of Microplastics
4. Discussion
4.1. Abundance of Microplastics in Beach Sand
4.1.1. Comparison with Other Beaches
4.1.2. Distribution of MPs at Different Sampling Areas and Sand Depths
4.2. Physical Characteristics of Microplastics
4.3. Composition of Microplastics
4.4. Prediction of Microplastic Origins
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Symbol | Location | Coordinate | Microplastic Abundance | Macroplastic Abundance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pieces/kg d.w. | mg/kg d.w. | Pieces/kg d.w. | mg/kg d.w. | |||
DHM | Dong Hoa Market | 10.376830, 106.879996 | 4.49 | 18.66 | 3.01 | 1766.24 |
PNPR | Phuong Nam Pearl Resort | 10.377025, 106.894204 | 6.58 | 13.33 | 6.10 | 7403.80 |
30AB | 30 April Beach | 10.389663, 106.928722 | ND | ND | 1.37 | 157.84 |
AA | Aquaculture area | 10.400064, 106.954130 | 2.37 | 6.09 | 3.49 | 52.28 |
CGP | Can Gio Park | 10.413471, 106.974338 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 2.76 | 1423.70 |
Sampling Beach | n = 18 (Pieces/kg d.w.) | Surface Layer | Upper Shorline | Surface Layer of the Upper Shoreline | Surface Layer of the Upper Shoreline |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 9 (Pieces/kg d.w.) | n = 6 (Pieces/kg d.w.) | n = 3 (Pieces/kg d.w.) | n = 3 (Pieces/m2) | ||
DHM | 4.49 | 8.34 | 13.47 | 26.94 | 107.76 |
PNPR | 6.58 | 9.55 | 19.74 | 25.33 | 101.32 |
30AB | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
AA | 2.37 | 4.93 | 7.11 | 14.22 | 56.88 |
CGP | 0.68 | 1.40 | 2.05 | 4.1 | 16.4 |
Min-Max | 0–6.58 | 0–9.55 | 0–19.74 | 0–26.94 | 0–107.76 |
Median | 2.37 | 4.93 | 7.11 | 14.22 | 56.88 |
Average | 2.82 | 4.84 | 8.47 | 14.12 | 56.47 |
Reference | Research Area | Sampling | Sampling Area’s Characteristics | Microplastics Abundance |
---|---|---|---|---|
[36] | South Korea | 3 tidal lines 100 m stretch 0.5 × 0.5 m2 quadrat Upper 2.5 cm of sand | beaches with different features:
| 1400–62,800 pieces/m2 (small microplastics) 0–2088 pieces/m2 (large microplastics) |
[62] | China | 3 tidal lines 100 m stretch 0.5 × 0.5 m2 quadrat Upper 5 cm of sand | Recreational beaches with different levels of impact. | 106.50 ± 34.41 items/kg |
[63] | Netherland | Strandline 0.5 × 0.5 m2 quadrat Upper 5 cm of sand | highly exposed area to seasonal extreme events (tropical hurricanes). | 68 ± 19–620 ± 96 pieces/kg d.w. (261 ± 6 pieces/kg d.w.) |
[64] | USA | Wrack line 0.25 × 0.25 quadrat Upper 3–6 cm of sand |
| 5–117 pieces/m2 |
[59] | Maldives | Drift line 1 × 1 m2 grid Upper 1 cm of sand | 2 beaches with different characteristics:
| 22.8 ± 10.5 pieces/m2 |
[27] | Slovenia | Strandline Upper 4 cm of sand | Slovenian beaches | 0.5 ± 0.5 pieces/kg d.w. to 1.0 ± 0.8 pieces/kg d.w. |
[65] | Northern Taiwan | Middle of tidal zone 0.5 × 0.5 m2 quadrat 2 layers of sand (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm) |
| 0.23–30.4 pieces/kg d.w. |
[48] | Danang, Vietnam | Transect from water-edge to vegetation zone 2 layers of sand (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm) |
| 9238 ± 2097 items/kg d.w. synthetic fibers |
[37] | Colombia Caribbean | Random sites 1 m2 | Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta mangrove | 31–2863 pieces/kg d.w. |
[38] | Singapore | Low tide Upper 3–4 cm of sand 1.5 × 1.5 m2 quadrat | Mangrove Ecosystems | 60.7 ± 27.2 pieces/kg d.w. |
[66] | Iran | Random sites Upper 5 cm of sand | The Iranian mangrove forest is located between the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. | 19.5 ± 6.36 to 34.5 ± 0.71 pieces/kg d.w. |
[67] | China | Random sites 0.3 × 0.3 m2 quadrat Upper 2 cm of sand | China’s Southeast mangroves | 8.3–5738.3 pieces/kg d.w. |
This study, 2019 | Vietnam | 3 tidal lines 100 m stretch 0.5 × 0.5 m2 quadrat 2 layers of 2 cm (surface and 5 cm depth) |
| 0 to 6.58 pieces/kg d.w. (0–26.32 pieces/m2) |
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Nhon, N.T.T.; Nguyen, N.T.; Hai, H.T.N.; Hien, T.T. Distribution of Microplastics in Beach Sand on the Can Gio Coast, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Water 2022, 14, 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182779
Nhon NTT, Nguyen NT, Hai HTN, Hien TT. Distribution of Microplastics in Beach Sand on the Can Gio Coast, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Water. 2022; 14(18):2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182779
Chicago/Turabian StyleNhon, Nguyen Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thao Nguyen, Ho Truong Nam Hai, and To Thi Hien. 2022. "Distribution of Microplastics in Beach Sand on the Can Gio Coast, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam" Water 14, no. 18: 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182779
APA StyleNhon, N. T. T., Nguyen, N. T., Hai, H. T. N., & Hien, T. T. (2022). Distribution of Microplastics in Beach Sand on the Can Gio Coast, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Water, 14(18), 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182779