Effects of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on Runoff and Peak Flow Rate on the Loess Plateau, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Surface Runoff and Peak Flow Rate Simulation
2.4. Model Calibration and Validation
2.5. Hydrological Connectivity
3. Results
3.1. The Results of Calibration and Validation
3.2. Simulated Surface Runoff
3.3. Estimated Peak Flow Rate
4. Discussion
4.1. GLC Reduced Surface Runoff
4.2. GLC Reduced the Peak Flow Rate
4.3. Implication
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The GLC reduced mean event surface runoff, and the efficiency in reducing runoff ranged between 6.2% and 24.7%. The highest efficiency of GLC at reducing runoff was found under light rain events. The lowest efficiency of GLC at reducing runoff was found under heavy rain events and the extraordinary storm event.
- (2)
- After the GLC, the annual surface runoff decreased by 7.63%, 12.04% and 4.45% in the wet year, normal year and dry year, respectively. The order of the GLC’s efficiency in reducing annual surface runoff from large to small was as follows: normal year > wet year > dry year.
- (3)
- The GLC reduced the peak flow rate by 8.1–30.2%. The impact of the GLC on the peak flow rate was greater under light rains than under extraordinary storms. Moreover, the GLC prolonged the time to peak flow rate.
- (4)
- The GLC affected runoff and peak flow rates by changing slope gradients, hydrological connectivity and land use types.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Precipitation (mm) | P < 10 | 10 ≤ P < 25 | 25 ≤ P < 50 | 50 ≤ P < 100 | P ≥ 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level | Light rain | Moderate rain | Heavy rain | Rainstorm | Extraordinary storm |
Date | Precipitation (mm) | Rainfall Intensity (mm/h) | Measured Runoff (mm) | Measured Peak Flow Rate (m3/s) | Measured Time to Peak Flow Rate (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 July 2019 | 63 | 4.27 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 140 |
1 August 2019 | 75.5 | 41.18 | 11.16 | 16.46 | 160 |
3 August 2019 | 54.5 | 2.15 | 4.61 | 5.57 | 630 |
19 August 2019 | 38 | 1.43 | 1.31 | 0.19 | 540 |
27 August 2019 | 70 | 5.03 | 8.74 | 6.07 | 210 |
12 September 2019 | 47 | 2.15 | 2.24 | 0.65 | 420 |
5 October 2019 | 32 | 1.72 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 660 |
Variable | N | T Value | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|
RO | 40 | −3.66 | 0.001 |
Tp | 40 | 17.00 | 0.000 |
Qp | 40 | −4.29 | 0.000 |
Rainfall Levels | N | Mean Event Runoff (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before GLC | After GLC | Absolute Difference (mm) | Relative Difference (%) | ||
Light rain | 4 | 0.71 | 0.53 | −0.17 | −24.7 |
Moderate rain | 21 | 0.76 | 0.68 | −0.06 | −10.4 |
Heavy rain | 11 | 8.01 | 7.51 | −0.49 | −6.2 |
Rainstorm | 3 | 5.55 | 4.47 | −1.09 | −19.6 |
Extraordinary storm | 1 | 45.80 | 42.41 | −3.39 | −7.4 |
Rainfall Level | Wet Year | Normal Year | Dry Year |
---|---|---|---|
Light rain | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Moderate rain | 9 | 5 | 7 |
Heavy rain | 7 | 4 | 0 |
Rainstorm | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Extraordinary storm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rainfall Levels | N | Mean Event Peak Flow Rate (m3/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before GLC | After GLC | Absolute Difference (m3/s) | Relative Difference (%) | ||
Light rain | 4 | 2.02 | 1.41 | −0.61 | −30.2 |
Moderate rain | 21 | 1.75 | 1.51 | −0.25 | −14.0 |
Heavy rain | 11 | 16.27 | 14.95 | −1.31 | −8.1 |
Rainstorm | 3 | 6.47 | 4.89 | −1.58 | −24.4 |
Extraordinary storm | 1 | 47.46 | 42.66 | −4.80 | −10.1 |
Land Use | N | T Value | Sig. | Mean Event Runoff (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before GLC | After GLC | Absolute Difference | Relative Difference (%) | ||||
Cropland | 40 | −3.69 | 0.001 | 7.87 | 4.06 | −3.80 | −48.4 |
Forestland | 40 | −3.22 | 0.003 | 3.48 | 3.47 | −0.02 | −0.4 |
Grassland | 40 | −3.38 | 0.002 | 5.38 | 5.17 | −0.20 | −3.8 |
Shrub | 40 | −4.09 | 0.000 | 4.41 | 4.12 | −0.28 | −6.4 |
Orchard | 40 | −2.17 | 0.037 | 2.31 | 2.28 | −0.03 | −1.3 |
Others | 40 | −3.96 | 0.000 | 11.06 | 10.60 | −0.46 | −4.2 |
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Wu, G.; Fu, S.; Zhou, G.; Liu, C. Effects of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on Runoff and Peak Flow Rate on the Loess Plateau, China. Water 2022, 14, 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162582
Wu G, Fu S, Zhou G, Liu C. Effects of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on Runoff and Peak Flow Rate on the Loess Plateau, China. Water. 2022; 14(16):2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162582
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Ge, Suhua Fu, Guiyun Zhou, and Chenguang Liu. 2022. "Effects of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on Runoff and Peak Flow Rate on the Loess Plateau, China" Water 14, no. 16: 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162582