Efficacy of the Toxicity Control during the Degradation of TBBPA by Ozonation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals, Reagents and Instruments
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Performance of Ozonation and the Estimation of the Reactive Species
3.2. Effects of pH and Temperature on TBBPA Degradation and Reaction Kinetics
3.3. Acute Toxicity Evaluation
3.4. Chronic Toxicity Evaluation
3.5. Genotoxicity Evaluation
3.6. Comprehensive Biological Toxicity Assessment
4. Conclusions
- Ozonation could effectively degrade TBBPA in water. The TBBPA of 0.28 µmol/L could be completely removed with the [O3]/[TBBPA] value of 9:1, the initial solution pH of 7.0 and the temperature of 25 °C;
- TBBPA has low acute toxicity (TU is 0.5), high chronic toxicity (TU is 41.7) and a low genotoxicity risk. The ozonation could effectively control the biological toxicities of the water samples in the process of TBBPA degradation. In addition, the acute and chronic toxicity could be controlled faster and more significantly by ozonation with the increase in the ozone dosage and contacting time;
- When the value of [O3]/[TBBPA] was 11:1, the acute and chronic toxicity of the water samples after the reaction were 0.02 and 0.76 TU, respectively, with the toxicity controlling rates being correspondingly 96% and 98.2%, which all met the toxicity standards for wastewater discharge. Moreover, the MR values of the treated water samples ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 (<2), all of which showed no risk of genotoxicity;
- The evaluation results of the comprehensive biological toxicity showed that the TBBPA itself was slightly toxic. The PEEP value was controlled at 1.98 under a low ozone concentration ([O3]/[TBBPA] ratio was only 3:1), indicating its effective controlling effect of the toxicity. In addition, the ozonation could control the PEEP values of the water samples all below 2.0 and non-toxic in a wide range of pH (5–9) and temperature (10–40 °C), revealing its strong adaptability.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Han, Q.; Dong, W.; Wang, H.; Yu, B.; Liu, P.; Xie, L.; Dai, Z. Efficacy of the Toxicity Control during the Degradation of TBBPA by Ozonation. Water 2022, 14, 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162543
Han Q, Dong W, Wang H, Yu B, Liu P, Xie L, Dai Z. Efficacy of the Toxicity Control during the Degradation of TBBPA by Ozonation. Water. 2022; 14(16):2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162543
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Qi, Wenyi Dong, Hongjie Wang, Boping Yu, Peng Liu, Linshen Xie, and Zhiguang Dai. 2022. "Efficacy of the Toxicity Control during the Degradation of TBBPA by Ozonation" Water 14, no. 16: 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162543