Performance Assessment of Concrete Using Discarded Membrane Filter Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material Preparation for Membrane Recycled Concrete
2.1. Material Preparation
2.2. Mortar Test of ABS/PVDF Mixture
3. Experimental Study
3.1. Preparation of OPC, ABS, and PVDF Concrete
3.2. Experimental Results
3.3. Experimental Discussion
4. Conclusions
- It was found that carbon emission reduction of approximately 50 kg CO2/m3 is possible through waste membrane recycling and cement replacement. This is equivalent to 10 pine trees absorbing 5.6 kg of CO2 per year.
- To use the discarded membrane module as substitutes of cement, the outer casing (ABS) of membrane module and inner membrane (PVDF) should be made into powder form with a frozen pulverizing process.
- The concrete specimens were made with ABS and PVDF with 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt% to substitute cement, and the air contents test and slump test were conducted. According to the test results, the workability of ABS specimens was the same as the OPC specimen; for the PVDF specimen it was lower that OPC, but it was within the standard range.
- The compressive strength test was performed to find the applicability of ABS/PVDF concrete specimens. The compressive strengths of test specimens with ABS and PVDF were measured at the 3rd, 7th, and 28th days after pouring, and the strengths of OPC specimens were also measured for comparison with test specimens. As a result, the specimens to which 1% of ABS powder and 5% of PVDF powder was added had similar strength development to that of the OPC specimen; the numerical values were also confirmed to be almost identical.
- Furthermore, the specimens which contained 5% of PVDF showed higher strength than OPC specimens, caused by the improved internal bonding strength due to the electric dipole of the replaced PVDF and the high moisture content of PVDF.
- Therefore, if ABS powder is used to replace cement, it is judged that 1% replacement is possible, and in the case of PVDF powder, it is judged that it is possible to replace around 5%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Relative Density | Water Absorption Rate (%) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Bending Strength (MPa) | Rockwell Hardness | Heat Distortion Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.02–1.05 | 0.2–0.45 | 35–44 | 51–81 | R65–109 | 93–103 |
Relative Density | Water Absorption Rate (%) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Bending Strength (MPa) | Rockwell Hardness | Heat Distortion Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.78 | 0.02 | 52–54 | 70–75 | R84 | 166–170 |
C:S (Weight Ratio) | W/C (%) | Unit Amount (kgf/m3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Water (W) | Cement (C) | Fine Aggregate (S) | ||
1:2.5 | 50 | 255 | 566 | 1430 |
Waste Membrane Powder (%) | Modulus (GPa) | Strength (kgf/cm2) | Peak Strain |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 6.15 ± 0.15 | 557 ± 38.9 | 9.74 ± 1.31 |
8 | 7.84 ± 0.17 | 464 ± 40.6 | 8.26 ± 0.65 |
15 | 7.43 ± 0.18 | 314 ± 54.7 | 6.33 ± 0.55 |
25 | 5.39 ± 0.33 | 107 ± 22.9 | 5.00 ± 0.20 |
Specific Gravity | No.4 Sieve Remaining Amount | No.4 Sieve Passing Amount | Surface Water–Content Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fine aggregate | 2.58 | 1.0% | 99.0% | 2.7% |
Coarse aggregate | 2.65 | 99.0% | 1.0% | −0.3% |
Unit (kg/m2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | S | P | G | AD | |
Specified mix | 167 | 383(0%) 379(1%) 372(3%) 364(5%) | 789 | 4(1%) 11(3%) 19(5%) | 955 | 2.68 |
Job mix | 149 | 383(0%) 379(1%) 372(3%) 364(5%) | 808 | 4(1%) 11(3%) 19(5%) | 954 | 2.68 |
Mixture | Percentage (%) | Age (Days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 7 | 28 | ||
OPC | - | 15.9 MPa | 21.2 MPa | 25.6 MPa |
ABS | 1 | 16.9 MPa | 21.2 MPa | 25.6 MPa |
3 | 17.2 MPa | 18.3 MPa | 25.8 MPa | |
5 | 16.2 MPa | 18.1 MPa | 26.2 MPa | |
PVDF | 1 | 19.1 MPa | 19.2 MPa | 24.7 MPa |
3 | 17.9 MPa | 20.5 MPa | 24.4 MPa | |
5 | 17.7 MPa | 21.6 MPa | 26 MPa |
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Park, S.; Kim, J. Performance Assessment of Concrete Using Discarded Membrane Filter Materials. Water 2022, 14, 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142167
Park S, Kim J. Performance Assessment of Concrete Using Discarded Membrane Filter Materials. Water. 2022; 14(14):2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142167
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Sehwan, and Junkyeong Kim. 2022. "Performance Assessment of Concrete Using Discarded Membrane Filter Materials" Water 14, no. 14: 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142167