Fish Ecology of the Alto Madre de Dios River Basin (Peru): Notes on Electrofishing Surveys, Elevation, Palm Swamp and Headwater Fishes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | River Place | Date | Alt | pH | Ta | Tw | Cd | Wh | Dh | Vc | QBR | QHEI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01R | Aguas Calientes | 13 June 2012 | 398 | 7.95 | 24.3 | 21.7 | 105 | 18.2 | 25.1 | 0.51 | 100 | 72 |
02R | Shintuya | 12 June 2012 | 424 | 8.07 | 24.4 | 24.4 | 99 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 0.23 | 90 | 72 |
03A | Anaconda | 13 June 2012 | 428 | 7.37 | 26.4 | 21.4 | 119 | 3.45 | 16.8 | 0.05 | 95 | 61 |
04Q | Mascuitania | 14 June 2012 | 459 | 6.82 | 29.0 | 25.4 | 44 | 7.86 | 25.6 | 0.25 | 85 | 67 |
05Q | Puente a km 2,5 | 14 June 2012 | 462 | 8.03 | 26.1 | 22.4 | 169 | 5.54 | 18.7 | 0.15 | 100 | 74 |
06R | Carbón | 11 June 2012 | 499 | 8.78 | 26.3 | 25.3 | 102 | 14.4 | 34.5 | 0.41 | 100 | 85 |
07R | Pilcopata | 10 June 2012 | 511 | 6.94 | 24.8 | 25.0 | 119 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 0.04 | 100 | 74 |
08R | Piñi-Piñi | 7 June 2012 | 518 | 6.86 | 22.3 | 22.0 | 131 | 6.86 | 44.1 | 0.19 | 100 | 88 |
09Q | Villa Carmen | 7 June 2012 | 518 | 7.20 | 22.3 | 20.6 | 126 | 4.51 | 5.11 | 0.13 | 100 | 62 |
10R | Hospital | 8 June 2012 | 547 | 7.63 | 23.1 | 19.9 | 26 | 28.3 | 36.6 | 0.74 | 100 | 84 |
11R | Tono | 8 June 2012 | 551 | 7.70 | 19.1 | 18.5 | 50 | 6.94 | 22.1 | 0.30 | 100 | 68 |
12R | Salvación | 11 June 2012 | 558 | 7.26 | 24.0 | 23.2 | 33 | 4.42 | 30.1 | 0.39 | 100 | 66 |
13R | Queros | 9 June 2012 | 587 | 8.00 | 20.0 | 18.3 | 61 | 10.4 | 39.5 | 0.31 | 80 | 82 |
14R | Sabaloyacu | 9 June 2012 | 593 | 7.70 | 19.7 | 21.2 | 44 | 22.9 | 31.0 | 0.43 | 100 | 87 |
15A | Aguajal | 17 June 2012 | 622 | 5.77 | 23.9 | 22.0 | 26 | 2.49 | 57.4 | 0.04 | 50 | 63 |
16R | Asunción | 10 June 2012 | 720 | 7.40 | 26.4 | 19.3 | 65 | 5.16 | 19.9 | 0.32 | 100 | 78 |
17Q | Quitacalzon | 16 June 2012 | 1064 | 7.83 | 20.9 | 18.7 | 52 | 4.07 | 31.4 | 0.45 | 100 | 88 |
18R | Kosñipata | 16 June 2012 | 1347 | 7.53 | 22.2 | 16.0 | 89 | 6.42 | 24.4 | 0.15 | 95 | 70 |
19R | San Pedro | 16 June 2012 | 1394 | 7.81 | 20.1 | 18.5 | 43 | 7.74 | 49.4 | 0.48 | 95 | 88 |
20R | Unión | 17 June 2012 | 1673 | 7.72 | 20.2 | 15.3 | 64 | 8.41 | 32.0 | 0.72 | 75 | 66 |
21Q | Wayquecha | 18 June 2012 | 2218 | 7.40 | 17.3 | 11.4 | 51 | 3.99 | 30.2 | 0.83 | 100 | 84 |
22Q | Pacchayoc | 18 June 2012 | 2411 | 4.41 | 16.1 | 11.7 | 188 | 6.11 | 23.9 | 0.89 | 100 | 82 |
Elevation-700 m | |||
---|---|---|---|
Taxa | % Contri. | U | A |
Astroblepus | 18.36 | 1.03 | 9.00 |
Trichomycterus | 10.76 | 0.78 | 5.78 |
Knodus | 8.91 | 3.92 | - |
Chaetostoma | 7.67 | 3.54 | 1.93 |
Creagrutus | 6.35 | 3.09 | - |
Bryconamericus | 6.01 | 1.84 | 2.64 |
Ceratobranchia | 5.88 | 3.22 | - |
Astyanax | 5.26 | 2.45 | - |
Ancistrus | 4.57 | 2.48 | 0.28 |
Bujurquina | 3.42 | 1.73 | - |
Hemibrycon | 3.36 | 1.63 | - |
Characidium | 3.01 | 1.33 | 0.28 |
Aphyocharax | 2.67 | 1.52 | - |
Rineloricaria | 2.36 | 1.05 | - |
Hoplias | 1.96 | 0.87 | - |
Richness | 24 | 6 |
(a) Slope | Marginal Effects | Intraset Correlations | Regression/Canonical Coefficients | ||
Groups | λA | CCA1 | CCA2 | CCA1 | CCA2 |
Slope | 0.44 | 0.786 | −0.261 | 0.755 | −0.114 |
Water temperature | 0.38 | −0.715 | −0.304 | −0.418 | −0.433 |
Water velocity | 0.25 | 0.517 | −0.370 | 0.047 | 0.002 |
Boulders | 0.25 | 0.554 | 0.118 | 0.006 | 0.111 |
Conductivity | 0.22 | −0.374 | 0.472 | 0.007 | 0.987 |
Depth | 0.19 | 0.382 | −0.216 | −0.076 | 0.377 |
Fines | 0.15 | −0.250 | 0.368 | −0.149 | 0.282 |
Width | 0.14 | −0.291 | −0.243 | −0.132 | 0.064 |
pH | 0.13 | 0.014 | −0.415 | −0.090 | −0.662 |
Gravels | 0.07 | 0.220 | −0.252 | 0.018 | 0.236 |
Shade | 0.07 | 0.041 | −0.214 | −0.266 | −0.289 |
(b) Elevation | Marginal Effects | Intraset Correlations | Regression/Canonical Coefficients | ||
Groups | λA | CCA1 | CCA2 | CCA1 | CCA2 |
Elevation | 0.59 | 0.963 | 0.081 | 1.069 | 0.077 |
Water temperature | 0.38 | −0.730 | −0.213 | 0.189 | −0.330 |
Water velocity | 0.25 | 0.510 | −0.427 | 0.074 | −0.032 |
Boulders | 0.25 | 0.563 | 0.051 | 0.091 | −0.010 |
Conductivity | 0.22 | −0.354 | 0.526 | −0.068 | 1.064 |
Depth | 0.19 | 0.364 | −0.259 | −0.080 | 0.402 |
Fines | 0.15 | −0.236 | 0.400 | 0.045 | 0.287 |
Width | 0.14 | −0.289 | −0.205 | −0.084 | 0.184 |
pH | 0.13 | −0.018 | −0.403 | 0.164 | −0.787 |
Gravels | 0.07 | 0.198 | −0.276 | −0.035 | 0.261 |
Shade | 0.07 | 0.034 | −0.199 | −0.083 | −0.250 |
(a) Slope | CCA Axis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Eingenvalues | 0.579 | 0.264 | 0.167 | 0.126 | |
Species-environmental correlations | 0.956 | 0.924 | 0.884 | 0.950 | |
Cumulative percentage variance | |||||
of species data | 27.9 | 40.6 | 48.7 | 54.7 | |
of species-environmental relation | 38.4 | 55.9 | 67.0 | 75.4 | |
(b) Elevation | CCA Axis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Eingenvalues | 0.597 | 0.263 | 0.170 | 0.132 | |
Species-environmental correlations | 0.976 | 0.918 | 0.903 | 0.931 | |
Cumulative percentage variance | |||||
of species data | 28.8 | 41.5 | 49.7 | 56.0 | |
of species-environmental relation | 38.8 | 55.9 | 67.0 | 75.5 |
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Tobes, I.; Ramos-Merchante, A.; Araujo-Flores, J.; Pino-del-Carpio, A.; Ortega, H.; Miranda, R. Fish Ecology of the Alto Madre de Dios River Basin (Peru): Notes on Electrofishing Surveys, Elevation, Palm Swamp and Headwater Fishes. Water 2021, 13, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081038
Tobes I, Ramos-Merchante A, Araujo-Flores J, Pino-del-Carpio A, Ortega H, Miranda R. Fish Ecology of the Alto Madre de Dios River Basin (Peru): Notes on Electrofishing Surveys, Elevation, Palm Swamp and Headwater Fishes. Water. 2021; 13(8):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081038
Chicago/Turabian StyleTobes, Ibon, Adrián Ramos-Merchante, Julio Araujo-Flores, Andrea Pino-del-Carpio, Hernán Ortega, and Rafael Miranda. 2021. "Fish Ecology of the Alto Madre de Dios River Basin (Peru): Notes on Electrofishing Surveys, Elevation, Palm Swamp and Headwater Fishes" Water 13, no. 8: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081038