Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Animals
2.2. Test Water
2.3. Sampling Methods
2.3.1. Measurements of Animals and Water
2.3.2. Chemical Analysis of Test Water and Animals
2.3.3. Compartmental Analysis to Calculate the Influx and Efflux of Sulfate
2.3.4. Calculations
2.3.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Availability of Data
References
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Water | Salt | mg L−1 | Ions | mmol L−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acclimation | CaCO3 | 71.0 | Na+ | 0.54 |
NaHCO3 | 4.0 | K+ | 0.05 | |
MgCl2·6H20 | 59.4 | Ca2+ | 0.71 | |
KCl | 3.5 | Mg2+ | 0.29 | |
Na2SO4 | 35.0 | HCO3− | 1.47 | |
Cl− | 0.34 | |||
SO42− | 0.25 | |||
Hardness (mg/L, CaCO4) | 100.2 | |||
Molar [Na+]/[K+] | 11.5 | |||
0.49 mmol L−1 SO42− | Na2SO4 | 70.0 | Na+ | 1.03 |
SO42− | 0.49 | |||
Hardness (mg/L, CaCO4) | 100.2 | |||
Molar [Na+]/[K+] | 22.0 | |||
1.23 mmol L−1 SO42− | Na2SO4 | 175.0 | Na+ | 2.51 |
SO42− | 1.23 | |||
Hardness (mg L−1, CaCO4) | 100.2 | |||
[Na+]/[K+] | 53.5 |
Variable | Species | 0.49 mmol L−1 | 1.23 mmol L−1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Value | n | Value | ||
[SO42−] (mmol L−1) | Fathead minnow | 5 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 5 | 1.67 ± 0.03 |
Paper pondshell | 5 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 5 | 0.98 ± 0.06 | |
Red swamp crayfish | 10 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 10 | 1.15 ± 0.01 | |
Two-lined mayfly | 1 | 0.48 | 3 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | |
ẟ(34S/32S) (‰) | Fathead minnow | 5 | +1377.6 ± 1.3 | 5 | +1433.9 ± 0.8 |
Paper pondshell | 5 | +1432.7 ± 34.1 | 5 | +1452.6 ± 0.5 | |
Red swamp crayfish | 5 | +1475.6 ± 2.8 | 5 | +1461.3 ± 1.0 | |
Two-lined mayfly | 5 | +1411.6 ± 3.0 | 5 | +1365.7 ± 4.4 |
Species | Target SO42− Concentration | J value | Variable | Proportion of Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fathead minnow | 0.49 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.603 | |
Jout | 0.089 | |||
0.015 | ||||
Jnet | 0.090 | |||
1.23 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.584 | ||
Jout | 0.583 | |||
0.006 | ||||
Jnet | 0.058 | |||
Paper pondshell | 0.49 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.172 | |
Jout | 0.046 | |||
0.021 | ||||
Jnet | 0.047 | |||
1.23 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.519 | ||
Jout | 0.059 | |||
0.001 | ||||
Jnet | 0.059 | |||
Red swamp crayfish | 0.49 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.582 | |
0.028 | ||||
Jout | 0.012 | |||
Jnet | 0.072 | |||
1.23 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.747 | ||
0.002 | ||||
Jout | 0.002 | |||
Jnet | 0.005 | |||
Two-lined mayfly | 0.49 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.890 | |
1.23 mmol L−1 | Jin | 0.941 | ||
Jout | 0.346 | |||
0.084 | ||||
Jnet | 0.380 |
Species | Target SO42− Concentration | H0: mJin = 0 t-Value (df, p) | H0: mJout = 0 t-Value (df, p) | H0: mJnet = 0 t-Value (df, p) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fathead minnow | 0.49 mmol/L | 5.32 (24, <0.0001) | 27.88 (24, <0.0001) | 28.60 (24, <0.0001) |
1.23 mmol/L | 9.15 (24, <0.0001) | −49.38 (23, <0.0001) | −48.51 (23, <0.0001) | |
Paper pondshell | 0.49 mmol/L | 2.98 (24, 0.0066) | −6.38 (24, <0.0001) | −6.04 (24, <0.0001) |
1.23 mmol/L | 5.91 (24, <0.0001) | −21.78 (24, <0.0001) | −21.74 (24, <0.0001) | |
Red swamp crayfish | 0.49 mmol/L | 4.50 (24, 0.0001) | 19.26 (24, <0.0001) | 20.34 (24, <0.0001) |
1.23 mmol/L | 2.60 (24, 0.0155) | −4.80 (24, <0.0001) | −4.68 (24, <0.0001) | |
Two-lined mayfly | 0.49 mmol/L | 1.95 (17, 0.0680) | ||
1.23 mmol/L | 1.97 (21, 0.0623) | −0.33 (2, 0.77) | −0.16 (2, 0.89) |
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Griffith, M.B.; Lazorchak, J.M.; Haring, H. Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals. Water 2020, 12, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051496
Griffith MB, Lazorchak JM, Haring H. Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals. Water. 2020; 12(5):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051496
Chicago/Turabian StyleGriffith, Michael B., James M. Lazorchak, and Herman Haring. 2020. "Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals" Water 12, no. 5: 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051496