An Electrochemical Process Comparison of As(III) in Simulated Groundwater at Low Voltage in Mixed and Divided Electrolytic Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Apparatus
2.2. The Preparation of Simulated High Arsenic Groundwater
2.3. Setup of Electrochemical Systems
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. As(III) Concentration Changed with Electrolysis Time
3.2. The Analysis of the As(V) Generation Process
3.3. Kinetic Study of As(III) Transformation
3.4. Analysis of Energy Consumption
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrochemical Parameters | Min (mg/L) | Median (mg/L) | Mean (mg/L) | Max (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cl− | 4 | 119 | 432 | 7597 |
NO3− | <0.05 | 17.3 | 75 | 1900 |
SO42− | <0.05 | 129 | 396 | 6951 |
HCO3− | 46 | 413 | 487 | 1510 |
Ca2+ | 4.6 | 42.5 | 60.8 | 465 |
K+ | 0.6 | 3.3 | 14.1 | 370 |
Mg2+ | 6.3 | 43.8 | 101 | 1530 |
Na+ | 7.8 | 169 | 335 | 3848 |
TDS | 172 | 779 | 1658 | 20576 |
MgSO4 | NaHCO3 | NaNO3 | KCl | CaCl2 | FeCl2 | NaCl | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simulated groundwater (mmol/L) | 4.14 | 7.98 | 1.21 | 0.36 | 1.52 | 0.054 | 8.65 |
Voltage (V) | The Mixed Electrolysis System | The Anodic Cell of the Separated System | The Cathodic Cell of the Separated System | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C0 (mg/L) | Kapp | R2 | C0 (mg/L) | Kapp | R2 | C0 (mg/L) | Kapp | R2 | |
0.1 | 1.615 | 0.029 | 0.980 | 1.892 | 0.028 | 0.987 | 1.604 | 0.010 | 0.924 |
0.2 | 1.644 | 0.054 | 0.979 | 1.854 | 0.033 | 0.983 | 1.516 | 0.013 | 0.919 |
0.3 | 1.614 | 0.057 | 0.985 | 1.792 | 0.034 | 0.988 | 1.617 | 0.031 | 0.958 |
0.4 | 1.835 | 0.083 | 0.976 | 1.906 | 0.068 | 0.976 | 1.658 | 0.046 | 0.977 |
0.6 | 1.892 | 0.163 | 0.986 | 1.738 | 0.098 | 0.978 | 1.715 | 0.088 | 0.983 |
0.8 | 1.981 | 0.223 | 0.976 | 1.786 | 0.179 | 1.000 | 1.735 | 0.250 | 0.992 |
Voltage (V) | The Mixed System | The Separated System | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charge Quantity (C) | Work (J) | Unit Energy Consumption of As(III) Conversion (J/mg) | Charge Quantity (C) | Work (J) | Unit Energy Consumption of As(III) Conversion (J/mg) | |
0.1 | 66.60 | 6.66 | 7.40 | 88.56 | 8.86 | 9.84 |
0.2 | 89.28 | 17.86 | 19.84 | 109.8 | 21.96 | 24.40 |
0.3 | 93.02 | 27.91 | 31.01 | 76.70 | 23.01 | 25.56 |
0.4 | 119.16 | 47.66 | 52.96 | 77.20 | 30.88 | 34.31 |
0.6 | 136.49 | 81.90 | 91.00 | 99.61 | 59.77 | 66.41 |
0.8 | 141.10 | 112.88 | 125.42 | 119.23 | 95.39 | 105.99 |
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Qin, Y.; Cui, Y.; Lei, L.; Gao, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Li, Y.; Shi, X. An Electrochemical Process Comparison of As(III) in Simulated Groundwater at Low Voltage in Mixed and Divided Electrolytic Cells. Water 2020, 12, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041126
Qin Y, Cui Y, Lei L, Gao Y, Zhou Z, Li Y, Shi X. An Electrochemical Process Comparison of As(III) in Simulated Groundwater at Low Voltage in Mixed and Divided Electrolytic Cells. Water. 2020; 12(4):1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041126
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Yanyan, Yanping Cui, Lidan Lei, Ya Gao, Zhengwei Zhou, Yilian Li, and Xiaoyan Shi. 2020. "An Electrochemical Process Comparison of As(III) in Simulated Groundwater at Low Voltage in Mixed and Divided Electrolytic Cells" Water 12, no. 4: 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041126