Hydrological Characterization of Watering Ponds in Rangeland Farms in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Rainfall Data
2.3. Water Availability and Maximum Surface and Storage Capacity of the Ponds
2.4. Influence of Temporal Rainfall Variability on Water Availability in the Ponds
2.5. Hydrological Response of Ponds to Droughts
2.6. Influence of Pond Size
2.7. Influence of Catchment Area
2.8. Statistical Analyses
2.9. Uncertainties Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Watering Ponds
3.2. Influence of Temporal Rainfall Variability on Water Availability in the Ponds
3.3. Hydrological Response of Ponds to Droughts
3.4. Influence of Pond Size
3.5. Influence of Catchment Area
4. Discussion
4.1. Applicability to Other Regions
4.2. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Farm | Area (ha) | Livestock Population (2019 data) | Livestock Water Intake (m3/year) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sheep | Goats | Pigs | Cows | |||
La Brava | 926 | 60 | 100 | 135 | 897 | |
Parapuños | 797 | 1200 | 38 | 880 |
Name | Role | Longitude | Latitude | Z (m) | D (km) | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aliseda (La Umbría) | Ref. (La Brava) | 6°43’56’’ W | 39°25’31’’ N | 370 | 4 | 0.81 |
Brozas (Araya de Arriba) | Aux. (La Brava) | 6°40’30’’ W | 39°32’56’’ N | 335 | 10 | |
Monroy | Ref. (Parapuños) | 6°12’46’’ W | 39°38’16’’ N | 378 | 5 | 0.76 |
Cáceres | Aux (Parapuños) | 6°20’20’’ W | 39°28’17’’ N | 394 | 23 |
Acquisition Date | Ponds that Appear in the Image | Resolution | Source |
---|---|---|---|
June 2002 | B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B8, B9 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
June 2002 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
March 2003 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 | Unknown | Google Earth |
April 2006 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
April 2006 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
Summer 2008 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | 0.25 m | CNIG |
Summer 2009 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
August 2009 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | Unknown | Google Earth |
June 2010 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
July 2010 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | 0.25 m | CNIG |
August 2010 | B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, P3, P5, P6, P7 | Unknown | Google Earth |
July 2011 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | Unknown | Google Earth |
July 2011 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | Unknown | Google Earth |
July 2012 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | 0.50 m | CNIG |
September 2012 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | 0.25 m | CNIG |
August 2013 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | Unknown | Google Earth |
June 2016 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | 0.25 m | CNIG |
August 2016 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 | 0.25 m | CNIG |
June 2017 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 | Unknown | Google Earth |
July 2017 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 a | Unknown | Google Earth |
August 2018 | B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 a, B10 b | Unknown | Google Earth |
Farm | Pond | Amax (m2) | Vmax (m3) | Sc (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
La Brava | B1 | 7946 | 30,502 | 275,275 |
B2 | 4748 | 12,116 | 43,200 | |
B3 | 3067 | 5534 | 28,300 | |
B4 | 2390 | 3539 | 25,300 | |
B5 | 3857 | 8347 | 51,650 | |
B6 | 2198 | 3351 | 89,100 | |
B7 | 2030 | 2641 | 58,650 | |
B8 | 667 | 359 | 58,850 | |
B9 | 649 | 342 | 174,025 | |
B10 | 2353 | 3441 | 113,000 | |
Parapuños | P1 | 1901 | 2347 | 275,826 |
P2 | 304 | 88 | 51,348 | |
P3 | 3277 | 6232 | 110,786 | |
P4 | 1970 | 2158 | 349,162 | |
P5 | 3950 | 8711 | 57,206 | |
P6 | 770 | 464 | 51,875 | |
P7 | 468 | 190 | 34,114 |
Cluster | Centers of the Final Clusters | Ponds in Each Cluster | Distance from the Cluster Center | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rpond | RAPR (months) | |||
1 | 0.93 | 8.18 | B1 | 0.804 |
B2 | 0.721 | |||
B3 | 0.225 | |||
B4 | 0.797 | |||
B5 | 0.704 | |||
B6 | 0.725 | |||
B7 | 0.038 | |||
P3 | 0.715 | |||
P5 | 1.430 | |||
2 | 0.80 | 3.97 | B8 | 1.365 |
B9 | 0.313 | |||
P1 | 1.323 | |||
P2 | 1.550 | |||
P4 | 0.212 | |||
P6 | 0.705 | |||
P7 | 0.739 |
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Marín-Comitre, U.; Schnabel, S.; Pulido-Fernández, M. Hydrological Characterization of Watering Ponds in Rangeland Farms in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula. Water 2020, 12, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041038
Marín-Comitre U, Schnabel S, Pulido-Fernández M. Hydrological Characterization of Watering Ponds in Rangeland Farms in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula. Water. 2020; 12(4):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041038
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarín-Comitre, Ubaldo, Susanne Schnabel, and Manuel Pulido-Fernández. 2020. "Hydrological Characterization of Watering Ponds in Rangeland Farms in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula" Water 12, no. 4: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041038