Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Due to Sea Level Rise: The Case Study of the Atlantic Coast of Mainland Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Datasets
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Datasets
3. Physical Vulnerability Index Assessment
3.1. Extreme Flood Hazard Index (EFHI)
3.2. Physical Parameters
3.2.1. Hydrographic Network
3.2.2. Distance to Coastline
3.2.3. Solid Geology and Drift Geology
3.2.4. Land Use
3.3. Analytical Hierarchical Process
4. Results
4.1. Physical Coastal Vulnerability Cartography
4.1.1. Year 2050
4.1.2. Year 2100
- Figure 11a shows Vila Real de Santo António, the easternmost city of the Faro district, in the Guadiana River mouth. Almost the whole city is at an extreme level of vulnerability with 2700 buildings and 8900 residents in those areas according to Census2011. This is an example of a city where there is an urgent need to define and take SLR adaptation measures.
- The city of Olhão (north of Ria Formosa), in Figure 11b, has its entire downtown classified as an extreme level of vulnerability. Olhão municipality is the most vulnerable to SLR in Algarve since it has the largest number of buildings in areas considered vulnerable; almost 4100 buildings and more than 10,400 people live in those areas.
- Figure 11c shows the Faro International Airport in the Formosa Lagoon system, the main and major infrastructures of the region also being classified in the present assessment as highly to extremely vulnerable.
- Finally, Figure 11d shows Lagos city, where the Lagos Marina is partially classified as highly and extremely vulnerable. On the western side of the river, numerous infrastructures (~1600 buildings) are in vulnerable areas, such as gas stations, a hospital, a bus station, a church.
- In Figure 12a, the downtown of the Setúbal city is classified as highly to extremely vulnerable. The Setúbal municipality is the second most vulnerable in the district, with a high number of buildings in areas considered vulnerable, almost 3000 buildings and more than 12,000 residents.
- In the case of the Barreiro city (Figure 12b), with strong urban exposure on the left margin of the Tagus estuary, there are almost 1600 buildings and 9700 residents in areas considered vulnerable.
- Figure 12c shows the Montijo Air Base (BA6), which belongs to the Portuguese Air Force, and where a second airport complementary to the Lisbon hub airport is projected.
- The last figure (Figure 12d) shows Lisbon city is one of the most vulnerable cities in the country. These result not only from the considerable number of buildings and people living in these areas (~1600 and 13,500, respectively) but also from the value of the buildings and other infrastructures present in the right margin of the Tagus estuary. This margin will be severely affected, and as a result, numerous infrastructures that already exist or are designated for future construction within the area will be at risk. Facing this problem, the Lisbon municipality has already begun to make relocation plans, imposing some restrictions for new constructions in its Municipal Director Plan. However, more serious actions will have to be taken since numerous heritage and national interest buildings, as well as important infrastructures, are located in areas of high to extreme vulnerability, such as the case of train tracks, metro stations, museums, gas stations, cruise terminal, marinas and harbors, some buildings on Praça do Comércio, the Cais do Sodré train station and fluvial station, among others.
- In Figure 13a is the Peniche Peninsula; the downtown of the city is practically classified as medium to highly vulnerable, having 834 buildings and 2072 residents in those areas.
- The municipality of Alcobaça (Figure 13b) is also one of the most vulnerable to SLR, accounting for 1494 buildings and 1428 residents in vulnerable areas. Figure 13b shows the parish of São Martinho do Porto, which despite being around a protected bay, may have in 2100 some of its infrastructure at risk, such as a police station, the train line, a health center.
- In the case of Figueira da Foz (Figure 13c), with a strong urban exposure near to the Mondego river, there are almost 1997 buildings and 4849 residents in areas considered vulnerable.
- In the Espinho municipality, 276 buildings and 747 residents are in vulnerable areas. Figure 13d shows the Engineering Regiment No. 3 (RE3), which is a military unit of the Portuguese Army located at the Paramos headquarters. This is another military facility that is located in an SLR vulnerable zone.
- The Matosinhos city is illustrated in Figure 14a, and is the second most vulnerable in the Porto district, with a high number of buildings in areas considered vulnerable, almost 830 buildings (including the port administration), and more than 2300 residents.
- The Vila do Conde municipality in Figure 14b is the most vulnerable to SLR in the Porto district, with the highest number of buildings in areas considered vulnerable, almost 1470 buildings and more than 5000 people living actually in those areas. Thus, it is important that the Vila do Conde municipality take quick SLR adaptation and mitigation measures.
- In Figure 14c, the Esposende city is the most vulnerable in the Braga district, with a strong urban pressure near the Cávado river, with almost 2250 buildings and 4000 residents in the areas considered as vulnerable.
- Finally, Figure 14d shows Viana do Castelo, the district capital. One can observe on the Lima riverbank side, several zones classified as highly to extremely vulnerable, with 1466 buildings and 4236 residents.
4.2. Web-Viewer: Sea Level Rise for Portugal
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Data Source | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Hydrographic Network | CIGeoE, 2016 | Scale: 1:25,000—Tagus Estuary, Aveiro, and Formosa Lagoons; Others: manually vectorized. |
Coastline | IH, 2011 | Scale: 1:25,000 |
Lithological chart | APA, 2015 | Scale: 1:1,000,000 |
Land Use (COS2007) | DGT, 2014 | Level 1 and 2 |
Administrative Units (CAOP2015) | DGT, 2015 | Delimitation of the administrative districts. |
Statistical Subsection | INE, 2011 | Census data from Census2011 (population and buildings) |
Physical Parameter | 1—Very Low | 2—Low | 3—Medium | 4—High | 5—Extreme | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrographic Network | Dist. | 200–300 m | 150–200 m | 100–150 m | 50–100 m | ≤50 m |
Slope | ≥3° | 2.0–3.0° | 1.5–2.0° | 0.5–1.0° | ≤0.5° | |
Coast Type | Rock Cliff Coast | Low and sandy coast | ||||
Distance to Coastline | ≥1000 m | 200–1000 m | 50–200 m | 20–50 m | ≤20 m | |
Solid Geology | Plutonic, metamorphic and volcanic rocks | Sandstone and consolidated sedimentary formations | Fine and coarse unconsolidated sedimentary formations | |||
Drift Geology | Urban or rock | Stone or clay | Beaches or sediments | alluvium; loose sand or gravels | ||
Land Use (level 1 and 2) | Water bodies; sparse vegetation; swamp or bare rock | Coastal sands | Forest | Agriculture | Urban and industrial infrastructures |
Intensity of Importance on an Absolute Scale | Definition | Explanation |
---|---|---|
1 | Equal importance | Two activities contribute equally to the objective |
3 | Moderate importance of one over another | Experience and judgment strongly favor one activity over another |
5 | Essential or strong importance | Experience and judgment strongly favor one activity over another |
7 | Very strong importance | An activity is strongly favored, and its dominance demonstrated in practice |
9 | Extreme importance | The evidence favoring one activity over another is of the highest possible order of affirmation |
2,4,6,8 | Intermate values between the two adjacent judgments | When compromise is needed |
Reciprocals | If activity i has one of the above numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i | - |
Parameter | Extreme Flood Hazard | Hydrographic Network | Coast Type | Distance to Coastline | Solid Geology | Drift Geology | Land Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extreme Flood Hazard | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
Hydrographic Network | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
Coast Type | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
Distance to coastline | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
Solid Geology | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
Drift Geology | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 |
Land Use | 1/8 | 1/7 | 1/7 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 |
Sum | 2.63 | 4.67 | 7.67 | 7.67 | 15.53 | 26.33 | 38.00 |
Parameter | Extreme Flood Hazard | Hydrographic Network | Coast Type | Distance to Coastline | Solid Geology | Drift Geology | Land Use | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extreme Flood Hazard | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 2.39 |
Hydrographic Network | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 1.49 |
Coast Type | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 1.06 |
Distance to coastline | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 1.06 |
Solid Geology | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.54 |
Drift Geology | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.29 |
Land Use | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.17 |
7.42 | 7 | 0.07 | 5.2% |
Parameter | Weight Calculation | |
---|---|---|
Extreme Flood Hazard | 34% | |
Hydrographic Network | 21% | |
Coast Type | 15% | |
Distance to coastline | 15% | |
Solid Geology | 8% | |
Drift Geology | 4% | |
Land Use | 2% |
Categories | 1—Very Low | 2—Low | 3—Medium | 4—High | 5—Extreme |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color Scheme |
District | Physical Vulnerability Areas (in km2) | Number of Buildings | Number of Residents | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Very Low | 2 Low | 3 Medium | 4 High | 5 Extreme | Total | |||
Aveiro | 0.0 | 0.7 | 12.6 | 55.1 | 103.1 | 171.4 | 11,480 | 26,370 |
Beja | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 6.6 | 830 | 920 |
Braga | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 1260 | 2200 |
Coimbra | 0.0 | 0.4 | 5.5 | 26.3 | 9.0 | 41.1 | 1570 | 3390 |
Faro | 0.1 | 2.8 | 12.0 | 65.2 | 102.3 | 182.3 | 18,890 | 36,410 |
Leiria | 0.2 | 2.4 | 7.1 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 20.2 | 2940 | 3800 |
Lisbon | 0.0 | 0.5 | 15.6 | 151.8 | 53.5 | 221.4 | 4350 | 16,470 |
Porto | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 3630 | 11,330 |
Santarém | 0.0 | 0.5 | 16.0 | 55.1 | 27.5 | 99.1 | 1190 | 2150 |
Setúbal | 0.0 | 4.8 | 17.4 | 93.9 | 20.7 | 136.8 | 11,390 | 38,390 |
Viana do Castelo | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 8.0 | 4.2 | 17.9 | 2000 | 4120 |
Total | 0.3 | 13.7 | 94.3 | 472.7 | 322.5 | 903.0 | 59,530 | 145,550 |
District | Physical Vulnerability Areas (in km2) | Number of Buildings | Number of Residents | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Very Low | 2 Low | 3 Medium | 4 High | 5 Extreme | Total | |||
Aveiro | 0.0 | 2.7 | 31.7 | 74.1 | 110.1 | 218.6 | 15,930 | 38,040 |
Beja | 0.0 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 7.3 | 890 | 960 |
Braga | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 7.6 | 2380 | 4500 |
Coimbra | 0.1 | 1.8 | 7.6 | 34.5 | 10.0 | 54.0 | 3020 | 6370 |
Faro | 0.1 | 6.6 | 22.0 | 76.0 | 106.1 | 210.9 | 23,190 | 48,710 |
Leiria | 0.4 | 4.9 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 0.8 | 34.0 | 3920 | 5540 |
Lisbon | 0.0 | 1.8 | 16.0 | 174.9 | 56.8 | 249.6 | 6250 | 31,570 |
Porto | 0.1 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 5.7 | 5430 | 17,140 |
Santarém | 0.0 | 1.8 | 39.5 | 83.2 | 28.4 | 152.9 | 2150 | 4440 |
Setúbal | 0.4 | 11.0 | 27.7 | 111.0 | 24.1 | 174.1 | 15,350 | 59,600 |
Viana do Castelo | 0.2 | 3.3 | 10.0 | 12.4 | 5.2 | 31.1 | 3490 | 7960 |
Total | 1.2 | 35.7 | 175.9 | 589.2 | 343.8 | 1,145.8 | 82,000 | 224,830 |
Projections | 2050 | 2100 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
GMSL (m) | Population Estimated | GMSL (m) | Population Estimated | |
RCP4.5-ModFC_2 | 0.11–0.51 [39] | 145,550 | 0.10–1.80 [39] | 224,830 |
RCP4.5-K14 | 0.15–0.41 [57] | N/D | 0.26–1.28 [57] | 100,000 [56] |
RCP8.5-K14 | 0.17–0.46 [57] | 80,000 [56] | 0.40–1.59 [57] | 120,000 [56] |
RCP4.5-DP16 | 0.10–0.52 [57] | 80,000 [56] | 0.39–1.80 [57] | 140,000 [56] |
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Rocha, C.; Antunes, C.; Catita, C. Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Due to Sea Level Rise: The Case Study of the Atlantic Coast of Mainland Portugal. Water 2020, 12, 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020360
Rocha C, Antunes C, Catita C. Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Due to Sea Level Rise: The Case Study of the Atlantic Coast of Mainland Portugal. Water. 2020; 12(2):360. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020360
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha, Carolina, Carlos Antunes, and Cristina Catita. 2020. "Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Due to Sea Level Rise: The Case Study of the Atlantic Coast of Mainland Portugal" Water 12, no. 2: 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020360
APA StyleRocha, C., Antunes, C., & Catita, C. (2020). Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Due to Sea Level Rise: The Case Study of the Atlantic Coast of Mainland Portugal. Water, 12(2), 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020360