A Novel Method for the Automatic Extraction of Quality Non-Planar River Cross-Sections from Digital Elevation Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Proposed Approach
- the main channel of each cross-section should be normal to the stream curve;
- the limits of the main channel (banks) for each section should lie on the left and right bank curves, respectively;
- the projection of each point of either the left or the right bank curve on the stream curve should be the corresponding point (point with the same index) of the stream curve;
- the ending points of each section should be on the left and right overbank curves;
- the projection of each point of the left overbank curve on the left bank curve should be the corresponding point of the left bank curve; and, finally,
- the projection of each point of the right overbank curve on the right bank curve should be the corresponding point of the right bank curve.
2.1. Construction of the Stream Curve
2.1.1. Stream Selection
- Route Downstream: This is the simplest process to apply. One cell of the DEM is selected, and then the rest of the path is determined by following the flow directions as described above. Figure 6a shows the stream defined applying this option. The river network appears in blue color, while the selected stream, which appears in purple, extends from the point of selection (white X) until the exit point (pour point) at the western edge of the drainage basin.
- Main Stream: After one cell is selected, the path is determined by following the flow directions as described above until the exit point is reached. Then, the path is reversely followed from downstream towards upstream. At every junction cell, the path followed is the one with the higher accumulation value. Figure 6b shows the stream defined applying this option for the same point of selection (white X) like before. It extends from the watershed till the exit point.
- Nearest Stream: After one cell is selected, the nearest visible stream is searched. The visible streams depend, as explained, on the value of the accumulation threshold value. The path of the stream found is calculated in both directions. When a junction is reached, while calculating the upstream part, the path selected is the one with the highest accumulation value. Figure 6c shows the stream defined applying this option for the same point (white X) as in the previous two options. The stream extends once again from the watershed till the exit point.
2.1.2. Stream Smoothing
2.2. Construction of the Left and Right Overbank Curves
2.2.1. Automatic Detection of Left and Right Bank
- A. Levee detection: Moving away from the invert, if two points p1 and p2 with elevations h1 and h2 are found for which h2 < h1 − HL, then p1 is considered to be the bank.
- B. Maximum height from invert: Moving away from the invert, if one point p with elevation h is found for which h > hinvert + Hmax, then p is considered to be the bank.
- C. Maximum horizontal distance from invert: Moving away from the invert, if one point p with distance from the invert is d > Dmax, then p is considered to be the bank.
2.2.2. Banks’ Curve Smoothing
2.3. Construction of the Left and Right Overbank Curves
2.4. Extraction of Cross-Sections
2.4.1. Examination of the Angle between the Cross-Section and the Stream
2.4.2. Calculation of the Coordinates of the Cross-Section
2.4.3. Examination of the Maximum Water Depth of the Cross-Section
2.4.4. Channel Bed Restoration
2.4.5. Adding the Levees
2.4.6. Removal of Ineffective Areas
2.5. Selection of the Cross-Sections
2.6. Calculation of the Distances between the Sections
3. Results
3.1. First Set—Non Planar Cross-Sections
3.2. Second Set—Planar Cross-Sections
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Petikas, I.; Keramaris, E.; Kanakoudis, V. A Novel Method for the Automatic Extraction of Quality Non-Planar River Cross-Sections from Digital Elevation Models. Water 2020, 12, 3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123553
Petikas I, Keramaris E, Kanakoudis V. A Novel Method for the Automatic Extraction of Quality Non-Planar River Cross-Sections from Digital Elevation Models. Water. 2020; 12(12):3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123553
Chicago/Turabian StylePetikas, Ioannis, Evangelos Keramaris, and Vasilis Kanakoudis. 2020. "A Novel Method for the Automatic Extraction of Quality Non-Planar River Cross-Sections from Digital Elevation Models" Water 12, no. 12: 3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123553