Electrochemical Oxidation of Effluents from Food Processing Industries: A Short Review and a Case-Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Effluent | Anode Material | Supporting Electrolyte | COD0 /mg L−1 | pH0 | Applied Current Intensity, Current Density or Voltage | Volume/L | Recirculation Flow Rate /L h−1 | Electrolysis Time /h | COD Removal/% | Energy Consumption | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olive mill | Boron-doped diamond (BDD) | -- | 700 | 7.13 | 300 A m−2 | 0.6 | 150 | (1) | ≈100 (2) | 300 kWh m−3 (2) | [15] |
wastewater | NaCl | 230 kWh m−3 (2) | |||||||||
Na2SO4 | 100 kWh m−3 | ||||||||||
-- | 9350 | (1) | ≈4286 A m−2 (2) | 10 | 1200 | 14 | 73 | 174 Wh gCOD−1 | [16] | ||
Na2SO4 | 40,000 | 4.4 | ≈2857 A m−2 (2) | 10 | 600 | 15 | 19 | 96 Wh gCOD−1 | [17] | ||
Na2SO4 | 15,178 | 5.76 | 200 A m−2 | 0.2 | 54 | 7 | 20.2 | 24 Wh gCOD−1 | [18] | ||
15,315 | 300 A m−2 | 21.1 | 30 Wh gCOD−1 | ||||||||
Ti/Pt | NaCl | 250,000 (2) | 5.2 | 2600 A m−2 (2) | 15 | 40 | 10 | 93 | 12.3 Wh gCOD−1 | [19] | |
-- | 42,000 | 5.2 | 350 A m−2 (2) | 0.3 | -- | 5 | 40 | (1) | [20] | ||
NaCl | 234,000 | 5.1 | 3125 A m−2 (2) | 10 | 3600 | 72 | ≈50 | 246 Wh gPhenols−1 | [21] | ||
-- | 65,000 | 5.27 | 350 A m−2 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 10 | 55 | (1) | [22] | ||
-- | ≈50,000 | 4.6 | 76.9 A m−2 | 0.8 | -- | 24 | 86 | (1) | [23] | ||
≈10,000 | 5 | 26 | |||||||||
2 | 41 | ||||||||||
8 | 32 | ||||||||||
Na2SO4 | 4.6 | 54 | |||||||||
KCl | 100 | ||||||||||
NaCl | 100 | ||||||||||
Ti/Ta/Pt/Ir | NaCl | 1475 | (1) | 5 V | 10 | 2232 | 2 | 5 | 82.1 Wh gCOD−1 | [24] | |
7 V | 25 | 56.1 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
9 V | 35 | 76.9 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
3060 | 25 | 27.1 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
5180 | 15 | 28.3 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
NaCl | 18,100 | 5.5 | 14 V | 45 | 15 | 8 | 58.9 | (1) | [25] | ||
16 V | 70.8 | ||||||||||
18 V | 63.4 | ||||||||||
Na2SO4 | 38,100 | (1) | 20 | 7 | |||||||
Na2SO4 + FeCl3 | 20,200 | 8.5 | 16 V | 7 | 39.1 | ||||||
20 V | 45.2 | ||||||||||
24 V | 60.2 | ||||||||||
Ti/RuO2 | NaCl | 41,000 | 4.57 | 1350 A m−2 | 0.4 | 28.44 | 7 | 99.6 | 21.2 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | [26] | |
HClO4 | 1220 | (1) | 500 A m−2 | 0.11 | -- | 5 | 52 | 32.5 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | [27] | ||
HClO4 + NaCl | 150 A m−2 | 54 | 3.5 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | ||||||||
HClO4 + FeCl3 | 39 | 7 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | |||||||||
HClO4 + Na2SO4 | 31 (2) | 7.5 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | |||||||||
Ti/TiRuO2 | -- | 26,750 | 5.0 | ≈617 A m−2 (2) | 0.4 | 180 | 33 (2) | ≈89 (2) | (1) | [28] | |
NaCl | 21 (2) | ≈96 (2) | 800 kWh m−3 | ||||||||
Ti/IrO2 | HClO4 | 1300 | (1) | 500 A m−2 | 0.11 | -- | 20 (2) | 60 | (1) | [29] | |
HClO4 + NaCl | 7.5 | ≈20 (2) | 72 Wh gCOD−1 | ||||||||
IrO2 based Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA) | KNO3 | 1200 | (1) | 153 A m−2 | 0.03 | -- | ≈48 (2) | 16 | (1) | [30] | |
RuO2 based DSA | 1100 | 69 A m−2 | 99 | ||||||||
Canola-oil | BDD | NaCl | 1750 (2) | (1) | 9.1 A m−2 | 1 | -- | 7 | 23 | (1) | [31] |
refinery | 91 A m−2 | 96 | |||||||||
wastewater | 136.6 A m−2 | 96 | |||||||||
Dairy | Pt/Ti | NaCl | 4000 | (1) | 2000 A m−2 | 0.15 | -- | 4 | ≈100 (2) | (1) | [32] |
wastewater | Pt-IrO2/Ti | ≈78 (2) | |||||||||
IrO2/Ti | ≈85 (2) | ||||||||||
15,000 | 1000 A m−2 | 6 | 47 | ||||||||
3750 | 89 | ||||||||||
Na2SO4 | 57.7 | ||||||||||
BDD | -- | 3350 | 2.17 | 357 A m−2 | 1 | 194.4 | 6 | 88 | 137 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | [33] | |
Slaughter- house | BDD | -- | 2280 | 6.68 | 357 A m−2 | 1 | 194.4 | 3 | 85 | 100 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | [11] |
wastewater | BDD | -- | 2366 | 6.3 | 357 A m−2 | 1 | 194.4 | 6 | 97 | 163 Wh gCOD−1 (2) | [33] |
Winery | BDD | -- | 3490 | 5.6 | 600 A m−2 | 0.1 | -- | 7 | 70 | (1) | [34] |
wastewater | Na2SO4 | 6 | ≈100 (2) | 96 kWh m−3 | |||||||
NaCl | 6 | ≈100 (2) | (1) | ||||||||
Distillery | PbO2-Ti | -- | ≈13,500 | ≈7.1 | 150 A m−2 | 0.2 | -- | 8 | 56.3 | 2.23 Wh gCOD−1 | [35] |
wastewater | NaCl | 90.8 | 1.31 Wh gCOD−1 | ||||||||
RuO2-Ti | -- | 62.0 | 1.91 Wh gCOD−1 | ||||||||
NaCl | 92.1 | 1.19 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
Graphite | 80.6 | 1.13 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
Ti sponge | -- | ≈9200 | 1 | 9 A | 15 | 900 | 6 | 51.50 | 5.23 Wh gCOD−1 | [36] | |
H2O2 | 67.71 | 3.71 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
NaCl | 89.62 | 2.82 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
BDD | -- | 3241 | 12.5 | 300 A m−2 | 0.1 | 78 | 4 | 71.9 | 22.8 Wh gCOD−1 | [37] | |
216 | 81.5 | 20.1 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
400 A m−2 | 78 | 75.7 | 36.8 Wh gCOD−1 | ||||||||
216 | 88.3 | 30.0 Wh gCOD−1 | |||||||||
BDD | Na2SO4 | 12,647 | 10.4 | 600 A m−2 | 25 | 4500 | 7 (2) | 81.3 | 173.19 kWh m−3 | [38] | |
NaCl | 65.7 | 184.45 kWh m−3 | |||||||||
Brewery | Graphite | -- | 2470 | 4.5 | 120 A m−2 | 24 | 180 | 0.83 | 18 | (1) | [39] |
wastewater | NaCl | 35 | |||||||||
372 A m−2 | 93 (2) | ||||||||||
745 A m−2 | 97 (2) | ||||||||||
BDD | -- | 1877 | 3.0 | 80 A m−2 | 0.45 | -- | 6 | 65 | ≈22 kWh m−3 (2) | [14] | |
160 A m−2 | 91 | ≈55 kWh m−3 (2) | |||||||||
240 A m−2 | 98 | ≈125 kWh m−3 (2) | |||||||||
Starch | RuO2/Ti | NaCl | (1) | (1) | 750 A m−2 | 0.2 | -- | 4.2 | 75.8 | 23.4 Wh gCOD−1 | [40] |
wastewater | PbO2/Ti | 50.5 | 44.8 Wh gCOD−1 | ||||||||
Sugar beet wastewater | BDD | -- | 15,673 | 5 | 491 A m−2 | 1 | -- | 4.9 | 75 | 28.43 kWh m−3 | [41] |
Coke-plant | DSA | -- | 2143 | 7.2 | (1) | 0.6 | -- | 4 | 57.80 | (1) | [42] |
wastewater | Sn-Pd-Ru oxide coated titanium | 59.24 | |||||||||
PbO2/Ti | 66.51 | ||||||||||
NaCl | 250 A m−2 | 12 | 64.8 | ||||||||
750 A m−2 | 4 | 67.4 | |||||||||
1500 A m−2 | 2 | 75.2 | |||||||||
Cashew-nut wastewater | Ti/RuO2-TiO2 | -- | 1540 | (1) | 1000 A m−2 | 0.03 | -- | 6 | 72 | (1) | [43] |
BDD | 100 | (1) | |||||||||
BDD | -- | 212 | 9.5 | 355 A m−2 | 0.35 | -- | 2 | 60 (2) | (1) | [44] |
Parameter | Mean Value (±SD 1) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Olive Mill Wastewater | Slaughterhouse Wastewater | Winery Wastewater | |
Chemical oxygen demand/g L−1 | 20.5 ± 0.6 | 3.64 ± 0.06 | 0.259 ± 0.002 |
Total dissolved carbon/g L−1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 0.677 ± 0.003 | 0.279 ± 0.007 |
Dissolved organic carbon/g L−1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 0.579 ± 0.001 | 0.057 ± 0.001 |
Dissolved inorganic carbon/mg L−1 | 11 ± 3 | 97 ± 2 | 222 ± 8 |
Total dissolved nitrogen/mg L−1 | 50 ± 1 | 129 ± 2 | 5 ± 1 |
pH | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 7.06 ± 0.04 | 7.8 ± 0.1 |
Conductivity/mS cm−1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
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Martínez-Cruz, A.; Fernandes, A.; Ciríaco, L.; Pacheco, M.J.; Carvalho, F.; Afonso, A.; Madeira, L.; Luz, S.; Lopes, A. Electrochemical Oxidation of Effluents from Food Processing Industries: A Short Review and a Case-Study. Water 2020, 12, 3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123546
Martínez-Cruz A, Fernandes A, Ciríaco L, Pacheco MJ, Carvalho F, Afonso A, Madeira L, Luz S, Lopes A. Electrochemical Oxidation of Effluents from Food Processing Industries: A Short Review and a Case-Study. Water. 2020; 12(12):3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123546
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Cruz, Alfredo, Annabel Fernandes, Lurdes Ciríaco, Maria José Pacheco, Fátima Carvalho, Alexandra Afonso, Luís Madeira, Silvana Luz, and Ana Lopes. 2020. "Electrochemical Oxidation of Effluents from Food Processing Industries: A Short Review and a Case-Study" Water 12, no. 12: 3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123546