Distributions of Groundwater Age under Climate Change of Thailand’s Lower Chao Phraya Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Data
2.1. Modelling Framework
- The semi-analytical particle-tracking method is available only for a linear velocity interpolation. MODPATH calculated velocity using interpolated velocities from inter-cell flow rates for the finite-difference approximation in the governing equation.
- The path line analysis depended on discretization of a finite-difference.
- The most important limitation is the uncertainty in boundary conditions and hydrogeologic properties. MODPATH analysis uses only information on ideal water movements, derived from MODFLOW.
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Climate
2.4. Groundwater Age Collection
3. Methods
3.1. Model Concept and Boundary Conditions
3.2. Hydraulic Parameters
3.3. Future Climate Scenarios
3.4. Predicted Groundwater Age
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Calibration and Verification
4.2. Simulated Versus Observed Groundwater Age
4.3. Predicted Groundwater Age Distribution
4.4. Distribution of Groundwater Age under Climate Change Impact
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Well No. | Model Layer No. | Aquifers Name | Observed Groundwater Age (Years) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | PD | 7100 |
2 | 9100 | ||
3 | 7300 | ||
4 | 18,100 | ||
5 | 5300 | ||
6 | 6900 | ||
7 | 9500 | ||
8 | 9800 | ||
9 | 5200 | ||
10 | 8300 | ||
11 | 18,300 | ||
12 | 6800 | ||
13 | 10,000 | ||
14 | 7700 | ||
15 | 8500 | ||
16 | 5700 | ||
17 | 2300 | ||
18 | 4 | NL | 8100 |
19 | 7400 | ||
20 | 8900 | ||
21 | 18,900 | ||
22 | 18,100 | ||
23 | 5500 | ||
24 | 20,900 | ||
25 | 19,400 | ||
26 | 19,900 | ||
27 | 12,500 | ||
28 | 8600 | ||
29 | 8400 | ||
30 | 5 | NB | 6300 |
31 | 9000 | ||
32 | 8500 | ||
33 | 18,200 | ||
34 | 1600 | ||
35 | 13,800 | ||
36 | 9100 | ||
37 | 154,000 |
Aquifers | Porosity | Kh (m/s) | Kv (m/s) | Ss (m−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bangkok Clay and Unconfined | 0.03 | 1 × 10−8–1 × 10−9 | 1 × 10−8–1 × 10−9 | 0.03–0.35 (Sy) |
Bangkok | 0.2–0.3 | 5 ×10−5–6 × 10−6 | 5 × 10−9–6 × 10−10 | 1.10 × 10−5–4.80 × 10−5 |
Phra Pradeang | 0.25–0.35 | 2 × 10−5–7 × 10−6 | 2 × 10−9–7 × 10−10 | 3.35 × 10−5–4.50 × 10−6 |
Nakorn Luang | 0.2–0.35 | 1 × 10−4–6 × 10−6 | 1 × 10−8–6 × 10−10 | 3.85 × 10−5–9.50 × 10−6 |
Nonthaburi | 0.3–0.35 | 2 × 10−4–7 × 10−6 | 2 × 10−8–7 × 10−10 | 3.95 × 10−5–9.50 × 10−6 |
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Tanachaichoksirikun, P.; Seeboonruang, U. Distributions of Groundwater Age under Climate Change of Thailand’s Lower Chao Phraya Basin. Water 2020, 12, 3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123474
Tanachaichoksirikun P, Seeboonruang U. Distributions of Groundwater Age under Climate Change of Thailand’s Lower Chao Phraya Basin. Water. 2020; 12(12):3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123474
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanachaichoksirikun, Pinit, and Uma Seeboonruang. 2020. "Distributions of Groundwater Age under Climate Change of Thailand’s Lower Chao Phraya Basin" Water 12, no. 12: 3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123474