Hydrochemical Characteristics and Irrigation Suitability Evaluation of Groundwater with Different Degrees of Seawater Intrusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Physiographic Condition
2.2. Hydrogeology
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling and Testing
3.2. Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Statistical Analysis
4.2. Status of Seawater Intrusion
5. Discussion
5.1. Hydrochemical Type Changes with the Deepening of Seawater Intrusion
5.2. Variation Trends of Groundwater Ions
5.3. Material Sources of Groundwater
5.4. Groundwater Evaluation for Irrigation Purpose and Its Distribution
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- With the deepening of seawater intrusion, the contents of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, and SO42− in groundwater increase accordingly, and the hydrochemical type gradually changes from Ca-HCO3·Cl to Na·Mg-Cl·SO4 and then to Na-Cl type. Seawater intrusion is not an ideal mixing process between seawater and fresh groundwater. In the process of seawater intrusion, the chemical composition of groundwater is also changing due to the constant water–rock interaction of groundwater and aquifers. However, the influence of water–rock interaction on the composition of groundwater ions is lower than that of groundwater–seawater mixing.
- (2)
- The chemical composition of groundwater in areas invaded by seawater is obviously affected by seawater. With the deepening of seawater intrusion, the composition of substances in groundwater affected gradually changes from “Rock weathering dominated” to “Evaporation dominated”, showing that with the deepening of seawater intrusion, the influence of seawater on the hydrochemical composition of groundwater gradually exceeds that of mineral dissolution.
- (3)
- Affected by seawater intrusion, groundwater may not be suitable for irrigation, mainly due to high salinity and high hardness. When the Cl− concentration is greater than 7.1 meq/L, groundwater will corrode pipelines and instruments. When the Cl− concentration is greater than 14.1 meq/L, the groundwater hardness is too high, which may make the groundwater unsuitable for cultivation. When the Cl− concentration is greater than 28.2 meq/L, excessively high salinity of groundwater will have adverse effects on planting. The areas affected by seawater intrusion should actively take measures to curb the intensification of seawater intrusion to maintain the sustainable development of local society and economy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sample | Location | T (°C) | EC | TDS | pH | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | Br− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S01 | Shouguang | 22.50 | 5.88 | 4030.00 | 7.02 | 794.49 | 3.09 | 138.39 | 221.11 | 1467.56 | 557.85 | 396.07 | 2.75 |
S02 | Shouguang | 18.60 | 5.39 | 4030.00 | 6.85 | 1041.12 | 7.62 | 44.96 | 112.65 | 1606.18 | 239.26 | 530.13 | 3.65 |
H01 | Hanting | 17.80 | 1.92 | 1449.50 | 6.69 | 58.20 | 0.93 | 113.94 | 58.87 | 153.33 | 52.41 | 347.33 | 0.16 |
H02 | Hanting | 15.40 | 1.08 | 858.00 | 6.48 | 158.49 | 1.19 | 137.98 | 96.82 | 413.57 | 87.33 | 450.92 | 0.20 |
H03 | Hanting | 15.60 | 1.24 | 988.00 | 6.42 | 99.74 | 1.65 | 98.90 | 73.48 | 201.35 | 59.61 | 517.94 | 0.27 |
H04 | Hanting | 15.80 | 1.65 | 1306.50 | 6.35 | 171.28 | 3.33 | 142.59 | 67.32 | 162.90 | 117.04 | 505.76 | 0.24 |
H05 | Hanting | 14.50 | 5.65 | 4608.50 | 6.30 | 842.97 | 9.34 | 286.55 | 223.94 | 1679.22 | 412.59 | 584.97 | 2.73 |
H06 | Hanting | 19.40 | 3.37 | 2450.50 | 6.56 | 678.87 | 2.37 | 80.73 | 45.35 | 401.76 | 418.95 | 999.33 | 0.88 |
H07 | Hanting | 17.90 | 4.30 | 3237.00 | 6.37 | 749.91 | 6.24 | 271.29 | 116.46 | 1208.71 | 433.53 | 834.80 | 1.97 |
H08 | Hanting | 18.50 | 10.45 | 7767.50 | 6.50 | 1643.10 | 32.07 | 596.93 | 242.73 | 3222.22 | 1127.08 | 682.47 | 5.81 |
H09 | Hanting | 13.00 | 1.47 | 1235.00 | 6.43 | 216.41 | 0.68 | 63.61 | 67.30 | 150.84 | 147.24 | 444.82 | 0.17 |
H10 | Hanting | 12.70 | 1.56 | 1326.00 | 6.51 | 131.95 | 0.91 | 139.41 | 80.03 | 181.41 | 112.35 | 280.30 | 0.11 |
H11 | Hanting | 18.30 | 5.04 | 3757.00 | 6.47 | 786.86 | 5.91 | 218.87 | 148.21 | 1194.13 | 548.17 | 444.82 | 1.93 |
H12 | Hanting | 15.10 | 5.31 | 4270.50 | 6.50 | 988.89 | 7.76 | 77.08 | 189.39 | 1515.83 | 537.91 | 536.22 | 1.94 |
H13 | Hanting | 15.10 | 1.20 | 955.50 | 6.76 | 219.77 | 0.71 | 37.38 | 38.98 | 123.77 | 97.02 | 457.01 | 0.14 |
C01 | Changyi | 16.80 | 4.86 | 3744.00 | 6.80 | 1016.12 | 38.10 | 32.33 | 64.37 | 1463.37 | 200.07 | 487.48 | 2.95 |
C02 | Changyi | 16.50 | 3.74 | 2899.00 | 6.58 | 576.77 | 18.31 | 188.29 | 97.23 | 740.64 | 525.38 | 566.69 | 1.43 |
C03 | Changyi | 14.80 | 2.78 | 2249.00 | 6.64 | 460.62 | 20.59 | 112.90 | 71.35 | 574.68 | 349.11 | 310.77 | 0.72 |
C04 | Changyi | 16.20 | 1.71 | 1332.50 | 6.55 | 189.73 | 18.59 | 134.23 | 73.13 | 188.35 | 242.16 | 475.29 | 0.12 |
C05 | Changyi | 14.20 | 4.57 | 3750.50 | 6.21 | 1151.08 | 28.31 | 46.70 | 65.16 | 1023.94 | 728.92 | 907.93 | 1.15 |
C06 | Changyi | 16.20 | 2.35 | 1898.00 | 6.11 | 408.65 | 10.20 | 124.37 | 54.70 | 551.41 | 293.71 | 292.49 | 0.74 |
C07 | Changyi | 15.40 | 0.73 | 5785.00 | 6.61 | 41.17 | 1.41 | 99.73 | 18.23 | 116.80 | 77.54 | 255.93 | 0.08 |
C08 | Changyi | 14.80 | 2.18 | 1761.50 | 6.36 | 199.83 | 0.87 | 134.07 | 133.86 | 466.56 | 108.06 | 396.07 | 0.69 |
C09 | Changyi | 15.80 | 1.02 | 806.00 | 6.59 | 37.73 | 1.01 | 136.56 | 38.34 | 87.10 | 53.28 | 207.18 | 0.14 |
P01 | Pingdu | 15.00 | 4.63 | 3744.00 | 6.37 | 518.81 | 29.88 | 334.28 | 216.58 | 1375.38 | 581.81 | 554.50 | 1.82 |
P02 | Pingdu | 14.30 | 3.63 | 2977.00 | 6.54 | 450.29 | 40.66 | 221.71 | 154.77 | 971.94 | 554.35 | 304.67 | 1.63 |
P03 | Pingdu | 15.00 | 5.99 | 4823.00 | 6.43 | 975.70 | 35.69 | 306.57 | 194.11 | 1621.67 | 1022.47 | 511.85 | 1.59 |
P04 | Pingdu | 14.20 | 4.87 | 4017.00 | 6.48 | 582.38 | 46.96 | 302.82 | 271.60 | 1975.69 | 199.00 | 389.98 | 3.66 |
P05 | Pingdu | 15.30 | 2.43 | 1943.50 | 6.49 | 332.72 | 12.74 | 137.65 | 75.68 | 611.01 | 258.77 | 255.93 | 0.34 |
P06 | Pingdu | 15.10 | 2.11 | 1696.50 | 6.39 | 187.88 | 3.74 | 200.63 | 79.82 | 402.21 | 89.50 | 383.89 | 0.42 |
P07 | Pingdu | 13.60 | 4.28 | 3568.50 | 6.49 | 877.15 | 7.01 | 126.45 | 101.63 | 1178.07 | 506.45 | 536.22 | 1.62 |
P08 | Pingdu | 17.40 | 2.15 | 1631.50 | 6.66 | 315.39 | 21.53 | 128.84 | 47.87 | 385.74 | 200.49 | 493.57 | 0.57 |
L01 | Laizhou | 14.30 | 1.19 | 968.50 | 6.22 | 50.93 | 1.20 | 207.20 | 23.35 | 169.08 | 82.07 | 292.49 | 0.12 |
L02 | Laizhou | 14.10 | 1.18 | 976.00 | 6.22 | 45.81 | 1.20 | 207.99 | 22.79 | 186.68 | 68.93 | 402.17 | 0.14 |
L03 | Laizhou | 14.20 | 1.44 | 1176.50 | 6.26 | 57.19 | 1.17 | 252.34 | 28.04 | 277.03 | 65.99 | 207.18 | 0.28 |
L04 | Laizhou | 14.90 | 1.60 | 1287.00 | 6.29 | 83.71 | 0.72 | 254.53 | 30.98 | 284.32 | 61.11 | 152.34 | 0.25 |
L05 | Laizhou | 21.90 | 2.54 | 1748.50 | 6.52 | 177.42 | 1.34 | 291.72 | 49.21 | 515.41 | 91.75 | 207.18 | 0.78 |
L06 | Laizhou | 16.40 | 1.94 | 1521.00 | 6.36 | 78.25 | 1.16 | 292.91 | 57.85 | 457.18 | 117.92 | 280.30 | 0.58 |
L07 | Laizhou | 14.70 | 1.02 | 832.00 | 6.56 | 38.53 | 0.87 | 161.88 | 28.74 | 151.61 | 84.92 | 213.27 | 0.08 |
L08 | Laizhou | 13.90 | 1.47 | 1222.00 | 6.48 | 49.06 | 1.15 | 267.38 | 36.02 | 184.86 | 126.06 | 225.46 | 0.24 |
L09 | Laizhou | 14.30 | 1.65 | 1358.50 | 6.59 | 52.13 | 4.75 | 291.39 | 47.39 | 288.69 | 103.06 | 207.18 | 0.22 |
L10 | Laizhou | 13.20 | 1.73 | 1443.00 | 6.51 | 79.21 | 1.05 | 274.37 | 60.51 | 367.82 | 143.36 | 292.49 | 0.28 |
L11 | Laizhou | 14.10 | 1.54 | 1274.00 | 6.55 | 162.48 | 1.76 | 195.84 | 32.54 | 176.57 | 130.45 | 243.74 | 0.17 |
L12 | Laizhou | 12.40 | 1.12 | 962.00 | 6.52 | 45.41 | 2.07 | 170.58 | 58.90 | 148.64 | 87.86 | 280.30 | 0.19 |
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Indicator | Equation | Range | Classification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
SAR | <10 | Excellent | [31] | |
10–18 | Good | |||
18–26 | Doubtful | |||
>26 | Unsuitable | |||
%Na | <20 | Excellent | [32] | |
20–40 | Good | |||
40–60 | Permissible | |||
60–80 | Doubtful | |||
>80 | Unsuitable | |||
CR | ≤1 | Non-corrosive | [33] | |
>1 | Corrosive | |||
RSC | <1.25 | Safe | [31] | |
1.25–2.5 | Marginally suitable | |||
2.5–5 | Unsuitable | |||
>5 | Harmful | |||
TH | <75 | Soft | [2] | |
75–150 | Moderately hard | |||
150–300 | Hard | |||
>300 | Very hard |
Parameters | Maximum | Minimum | Average | CV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | 596.93 | 32.33 | 183.75 | 0.57 |
Mg2+ | 271.60 | 18.23 | 91.30 | 0.73 |
Na+ | 1643.10 | 37.73 | 405.10 | 0.98 |
K+ | 46.96 | 0.68 | 9.95 | 1.30 |
Cl− | 3222.22 | 87.10 | 696.03 | 0.97 |
SO42− | 1127.08 | 52.41 | 275.07 | 0.94 |
HCO3− | 999.33 | 152.34 | 416.99 | 0.45 |
Br− | 5.81 | 0.08 | 1.04 | 1.19 |
TDS | 7767.50 | 806.00 | 2401.48 | 0.65 |
EC | 10.45 | 0.73 | 2.91 | 0.68 |
pH | 7.02 | 6.11 | 6.49 | 0.03 |
Classification | Cl− (meq/L) | TDS (mg/L) | EC (μs/cm) | Sample ID | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freshwater | <2.8 | 0–500 | <700 | C09 | 2.27 |
Slightly saline water | 2.8–7.1 | 500–1500 | 700–2000 | C04,C07,H01,H03,H04,H09,H10, H13,L01,L02,L07,L08,L11,L12 | 31.82 |
Moderately saline water | 7.1–14.1 | 1500–7000 | 2000–10,000 | C08,H02,H06,L03,L04,L06,L09, L10,P06,P08 | 22.73 |
Highly saline water | 14.1–28.2 | 7000–15,000 | 10,000–25,000 | C02,C03,C06,L05,P02,P05 | 13.64 |
Very highly saline water | 28.2–282.2 | 15,000–35,000 | 25,000–45,000 | C01,C05,H05,H07,H08,H11,H12, P01,P03,P04,P07,S01,S02 | 29.54 |
Seawater | >282.2 | >35,000 | >45,000 | - | - |
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Wang, Z.; Wang, S.; Liu, W.; Su, Q.; Tong, H.; Xu, X.; Gao, Z.; Liu, J. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Irrigation Suitability Evaluation of Groundwater with Different Degrees of Seawater Intrusion. Water 2020, 12, 3460. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123460
Wang Z, Wang S, Liu W, Su Q, Tong H, Xu X, Gao Z, Liu J. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Irrigation Suitability Evaluation of Groundwater with Different Degrees of Seawater Intrusion. Water. 2020; 12(12):3460. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123460
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhenyan, Shu Wang, Wenyue Liu, Qiao Su, Hui Tong, Xingyong Xu, Zongjun Gao, and Jiutan Liu. 2020. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Irrigation Suitability Evaluation of Groundwater with Different Degrees of Seawater Intrusion" Water 12, no. 12: 3460. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123460