Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Water Sampling and Analysis Method
3.2. End-Member Mixing Model
3.3. 222Rn Mass-Balance Model
4. Results
4.1. Regional Surface Water Level and Streamflow Change
4.2. Hydrochemical Characteristics
4.3. Stable Isotopic Compositions of Hydrogen (δ2H) and Oxygen (δ18O)
4.4. Tritium (3H) of River, Lakes and Springs
4.5. 222Rn Concentrations in River and Spring
5. Discussion
5.1. Source Identification and Quantification of River Water
5.2. Estimation of Groundwater/River Water Interactions
5.3. Regional Groundwater Circulation Model
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Sample ID | Valley | Distance a | Altitude | T | pH | Na | K | Mg | Ca | F | Cl | HCO3 | SO4 | TDS | δ18O | δ2H | 222Rn | 222Rn Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(km) | (m) | °C | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | ‰ | ‰ | (Bq/m3) | (Bq/m3) | ||||
River | R1 | RZ | 27.65 | 2980 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.5 | 46.6 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 21.6 | 179.9 | 171.0 | −12.8 | −89.6 | 35,765 | 3813 |
R2 | RZ | 27.17 | 2942 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.5 | 44.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 23.6 | 172.2 | 167.0 | −12.8 | −89.5 | 7234 | 4125 | |
R3 | RZ | 25.86 | 2954 | 6.8 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.9 | 44.3 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 23.7 | 172.2 | 167.3 | −13.0 | −88.7 | 3650 | 1800 | |
R4 | RZ | 25.09 | 2900 | 15.2 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 11.0 | 44.6 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 23.6 | 174.8 | 169.0 | −12.8 | −88.3 | 4334 | 1402 | |
R5 | RZ | 25.10 | 2900 | 15.2 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 8.8 | 46.1 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 23.4 | 167.8 | 164.7 | −12.9 | −88.4 | 3214 | 1235 | |
R6 | RZ | 22.87 | 2760 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.9 | 43.9 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 23.5 | 174.0 | 167.6 | −13.0 | −89.5 | 1587 | 610 | |
R7 | RZ | 21.68 | 2601 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.8 | 43.9 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 23.4 | 170.1 | 165.5 | −12.9 | −88.4 | 3002 | 1578 | |
R8 | RZ | 20.48 | 2645 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 13.1 | 59.8 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 25.6 | 233.1 | 218.6 | −12.8 | −87.3 | 3627 | 2115 | |
R9 | RZ | 16.56 | 2476 | 12.5 | 8.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 12.7 | 50.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 24.2 | 200.4 | 189.6 | −12.7 | −86.9 | 8053 | 3576 | |
R10 | RZ | 15.69 | 2477 | 11.5 | 8.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 14.2 | 55.7 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 25.8 | 226.1 | 212.8 | −12.6 | −85.9 | 11,256 | 1100 | |
R11 | RZ | 13.10 | 2306 | 10.1 | 8.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 15.2 | 53.1 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 25.7 | 226.0 | 214.1 | −12.6 | −85.7 | 1101 | 735 | |
R12 | RZ | 12.88 | 2272 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 13.5 | 44.3 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 24.6 | 178.2 | 174.8 | −12.2 | −83.7 | 1637 | 1093 | |
R13 | RZ | 12.73 | 2322 | 9 | 8.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 12.8 | 38.7 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 23.3 | 165.8 | 160.6 | −12.1 | −81.2 | 7412 | 2441 | |
R14 | SZ | 12.13 | 2314 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 14.5 | 48.4 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 24.7 | 207.9 | 194.0 | −12.3 | −84.6 | 10,657 | 2046 | |
R15 | SZ | 7.70 | 2207 | 11.2 | 8.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 14.7 | 44.8 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 25.4 | 195.1 | 185.1 | −12.4 | −84.6 | 3716 | 1601 | |
R16 | SZ | 6.78 | 2188 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 14.8 | 44.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 29.5 | 195.2 | 188.9 | −12.4 | −84.2 | 2214 | 1350 | |
R17 | SZ | 0.00 | 2004 | 11.8 | 8.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 12.1 | 42.9 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 28.5 | 170.1 | 171.1 | −12.2 | −82.9 | 1400 | 991 | |
Spring | S1 | RZ | 27.87 | 2960 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.4 | 46.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 21.9 | 182.5 | 172.5 | −13.1 | −90.3 | 5365 | 2626 |
S2 | RZ | 26.76 | 3012 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 20.1 | 34.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 68.3 | 100.2 | 174.2 | −12.5 | −86.1 | 693 | 460 | |
S3 | RZ | 21.28 | 2700 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 13.3 | 63.9 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 25.1 | 246.9 | 229.5 | −12.7 | −87.7 | 12,702 | 5068 | |
S4 | RZ | 21.30 | 2690 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 17.0 | 86.1 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 30.4 | 340.4 | 309.0 | −12.7 | −87.6 | 15,516 | 4893 | |
S5 | RZ | 21.59 | 2675 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 12.6 | 118.1 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 35.0 | 477.6 | 409.1 | −12.7 | −86.1 | 25,481 | 4681 | |
S6 | RZ | 16.30 | 2547 | 11.2 | 7.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 15.5 | 58.7 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 26.7 | 245.2 | 227.8 | −12.6 | −86.4 | 12,804 | 3744 | |
S7 | RZ | 15.50 | 2460 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 33.7 | 78.4 | 0.5 | 8.5 | 103.9 | 274.6 | 370.0 | −10.1 | −67.9 | 178 | 358 | |
S8 | SZ | 10.30 | 2304 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 23.9 | 50.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 25.7 | 251.5 | 228.5 | −12.0 | −80.7 | 2610 | 1063 | |
S9 | SZ | 8.61 | 2263 | 10.4 | 8.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 14.7 | 46.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 25.1 | 200.2 | 188.5 | −12.4 | −84.5 | 1520 | 825 | |
S10 | SZ | 7.85 | 2195 | 10.9 | 8.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 14.6 | 44.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 27.9 | 187.4 | 184.2 | −12.4 | −84.4 | 2855 | 1717 | |
S11 | SZ | 6.87 | 2210 | 10 | 8.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 10.6 | 36.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 24.6 | 150.1 | 148.5 | −12.3 | −82.4 | 14,430 | 2277 | |
Lake | L1 | ZCW | 28.64 | 2984 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 34.9 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 24.8 | 134.7 | 139.0 | −12.1 | −82.5 | 9143 | 624 |
L2 | ZCW | 26.61 | 2911 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 10.1 | 34.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 25.7 | 135.1 | 139.3 | −12.2 | −82.9 | - | - | |
L3 | ZCW | 26.85 | 2933 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 11.8 | 37.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 25.7 | 154.0 | 154.2 | −12.2 | −83.5 | - | - | |
L4 | ZCW | 18.76 | 2604 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 9.6 | 37.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 23.6 | 147.0 | 146.1 | −12.2 | −82.9 | 18,539 | 2748 |
Type | No | Sample ID | Date (yy/mm/dd) | Amount (mm) | δ18O‰ | δD‰ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rain | 1 | CH-01 | 2019/10/23 | 17.5 | −14.0 | −89.8 |
Rain | 2 | CH-02 | 2019/10/30 | 40 | −19.5 | −136.3 |
Rain | 3 | CH-03 | 2019/11/7 | 23.1 | −17.2 | −120.8 |
Rain | 4 | CH-04 | 2019/11/14 | 1.8 | −11.2 | −69.2 |
Rain | 5 | CH-05 | 2019/11/20 | 2.2 | −12.8 | −80.8 |
Rain | 6 | CH-06 | 2019/11/28 | 2 | −9.8 | −58.5 |
Rain | 7 | CH-07 | 2019/12/19 | 12.5 | −12.6 | −78.4 |
Snow | 8 | CH-08 | 2019/12/26 | 1.6 | −10.3 | −58.5 |
Snow | 9 | CH-09 | 2020/1/9 | 1.8 | −14.0 | −97.7 |
Snow | 10 | CH-10 | 2020/1/17 | 2.6 | −13.9 | −97.3 |
Snow | 11 | CH-11 | 2020/1/23 | 4.3 | −14.2 | −97.1 |
Snow | 12 | CH-12 | 2020/1/31 | 2.5 | −14.6 | −98.5 |
Snow | 13 | CH-13 | 2020/2/6 | 5.5 | −14.1 | −87.9 |
Snow | 14 | CH-14 | 2020/2/13 | 2.5 | −12.4 | −75.6 |
Snow | 15 | CH-15 | 2020/2/20 | 2.1 | −14.0 | −84.3 |
Snow | 16 | CH-16 | 2020/2/26 | 0.7 | −8.5 | −49.0 |
Snow | 17 | CH-17 | 2020/3/5 | 11.2 | −12.5 | −80.5 |
Snow | 18 | CH-18 | 2020/3/12 | 15 | −11.6 | −72.6 |
Rain | 19 | CH-19 | 2020/3/19 | 17.3 | −10.7 | −65.7 |
Rain | 20 | CH-20 | 2020/3/26 | 13.2 | −11.5 | −69.4 |
Rain | 21 | CH-21 | 2020/4/2 | 19.5 | −9.4 | −50.8 |
Rain | 22 | CH-22 | 2020/4/9 | 46 | −18.0 | −128.7 |
Rain | 23 | CH-23 | 2020/4/16 | 10.2 | −7.7 | −38.7 |
Rain | 24 | CH-24 | 2020/4/23 | 29.4 | −15.0 | −105.3 |
Rain | 25 | CH-25 | 2020/5/7 | 6.6 | −4.9 | −21.9 |
Rain | 26 | CH-26 | 2020/5/14 | 27.4 | −10.5 | −67.8 |
Rain | 27 | CH-27 | 2020/5/21 | 24.2 | −12.4 | −83.4 |
Rain | 28 | CH-28 | 2020/5/28 | 31.2 | −12.3 | −83.4 |
Rain | 29 | CH-29 | 2020/6/4 | 21.6 | −12.3 | −83.4 |
Rain | 30 | CH-30 | 2020/6/11 | 21.1 | −8.7 | −56.6 |
Rain | 31 | CH-31 | 2020/6/18 | 38.6 | −11.6 | −80.6 |
Sections | Rnu (Bq/L) | Rnd (Bq/L) | Rngw (Bq/L) | Qu (m3/s) | Qd (m3/s) | V (m/s) | L (m) | H (m) | qr m3/(s*m) | qg m3/(s*m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 35.76 | 3.21 | 5.37 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 0.30 | 2549 | 1.50 | 1.55 × 104 | 9.99 × 104 |
2 | 1.59 | 11.26 | 16.63 | 5.85 | 8.32 | 1.07 | 7181 | 1.50 | - | 7.66 × 104 |
3 | 11.26 | 10.66 | 6.49 | 8.32 | 10.1 | 0.95 | 3565 | 1.25 | 8.39 × 104 | 11.1 × 104 |
4 | 10.66 | 1.40 | 5.35 | 10.1 | 18.9 | 1.11 | 12,127 | 1.30 | 1.02 × 104 | 9.19 × 104 |
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Liao, D.; Pang, Z.; Xiao, W.; Hao, Y.; Du, J.; Yang, X.; Sun, G. Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn). Water 2020, 12, 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123306
Liao D, Pang Z, Xiao W, Hao Y, Du J, Yang X, Sun G. Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn). Water. 2020; 12(12):3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123306
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Dawei, Zhonghe Pang, Weiyang Xiao, Yinlei Hao, Jie Du, Xiaobo Yang, and Geng Sun. 2020. "Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn)" Water 12, no. 12: 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123306