Estimating Typhoon-Induced Sea Surface Cooling Based upon Satellite Observations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A1
- A2
- The minimum SST during the typhoon’s passage (MT) minus the average SST over three days before the typhoon’s arrival (RT) [32];
- A3
- The SST averaged over 24 h to four days after the typhoon passage (MT) minus the SST averaged during 10 to 3 days before the typhoon’s arrival (RT) [33];
- A4
- The so-called grid-based maximum response (GMR) method, which treats the average SST 2 days before the initial forcing time as RT and the minimum SST from the arrival to 5 days after the terminal forcing time as MT [34]. Hereafter, this will also be referred to as the LI method;
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Typhoon Track Data and Basic Information
2.1.2. Satellite Observations
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Megi
3.2. LionRock
3.3. Successive Typhoons: Trami and KongRey
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Code No. | Duration (h) | Max Wind Speed (m/s) | Min Pressure (hPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
LionRock | 1610 | 276 | 50 | 935 |
Megi | 1617 | 135 | 52 | 935 |
Trami | 1824 | 222 | 60 | 920 |
KongRey | 1825 | 180 | 60 | 920 |
Dots | A1 (°C) | A2 (°C) | A3 (°C) | A4 (°C) | CA (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | −3.11 | −4.58 | −2.02 | −4.69 | −4.59 |
S2 | −2.40 | −4.22 | −2.27 | −4.43 | −4.25 |
S3 | −2.76 | −5.02 | −2.50 | −4.81 | −4.80 |
S4 | −1.25 | −3.07 | −1.21 | −2.70 | −2.78 |
Name | A1 (°C) | A2 (°C) | A3 (°C) | A4 (°C) | CA (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Megi | −2.16–1 | −3.82–0.5 | −1.90–1 | −3.84~0 | −3.82–0 |
LionRock | −6.16–3 | −5.95–0 | −4.30–4 | −5.66–0 | −5.57–0 |
Trami | −5.2–0.5 | −6.84–0 | −5.21–0.63 | −6.94–0 | −6.93–0 |
KongRey | −4.38–4 | −4.53–2 | −5.62–1 | −4.25–−0.5 | −4.47–1 |
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Song, D.; Xiang, L.; Guo, L.; Li, B. Estimating Typhoon-Induced Sea Surface Cooling Based upon Satellite Observations. Water 2020, 12, 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113060
Song D, Xiang L, Guo L, Li B. Estimating Typhoon-Induced Sea Surface Cooling Based upon Satellite Observations. Water. 2020; 12(11):3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113060
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Dan, Lulu Xiang, Linghui Guo, and Bo Li. 2020. "Estimating Typhoon-Induced Sea Surface Cooling Based upon Satellite Observations" Water 12, no. 11: 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113060
APA StyleSong, D., Xiang, L., Guo, L., & Li, B. (2020). Estimating Typhoon-Induced Sea Surface Cooling Based upon Satellite Observations. Water, 12(11), 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113060