Municipal Water Consumption and Urban Economic Growth in El Paso
Abstract
1. Introduction
Previous Research
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Definition | Units |
---|---|---|
Y | Real per capita personal income | Millions of 2012 dollars |
W | Water consumption | Billions of gallons |
Variable | Y | W |
---|---|---|
Mean | 23,631 | 32.826 |
Standard Deviation | 5372 | 2.852 |
Maximum | 33,392 | 36.997 |
Minimum | 15,557 | 24.089 |
Coef. of Variation | 0.227 | 0.087 |
Skewness | 0.218 | −0.971 |
Kurtosis | 1.788 | 3.609 |
Observations | 44 | 44 |
ADF Test Results | Phillips-Peron Test Results | KPSS Test Results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t-Statistic | 5% Critical Values | t-Statistic | 5% Critical Values | t-Statistic | 5% Critical Values | |
w | −2.341 | −2.933 | −4.239 * | −2.933 | 0.596 * | 0.463 |
y | −0.612 | −2.931 | −1.663 | −2.931 | 0.844 * | 0.463 |
Δw | −6.799 * | −2.935 | −7.974 * | −2.935 | 0.400 | 0.463 |
Δy | −8.909 * | −2.933 | −14.857 * | −2.933 | 0.500 * | 0.463 |
Hypothesized Number of Cointegrating Equations | None | At Most One |
---|---|---|
Trace | 7.157 | 0.153 |
5% critical value | 15.494 | 3.841 |
p-value | 0.559 | 0.696 |
Maximum eigenvalue statistic | 7.004 | 0.153 |
5% critical value | 14.264 | 3.841 |
p-value | 0.489 | 0.696 |
Chi-Square Statistics | ||
Left-Hand Side Variable | y | w |
y | - | 6.914 * |
- | (0.0315) | |
w | 3.100 | - |
(0.2122) | - |
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Pastor, D.J.; Fullerton, T.M., Jr. Municipal Water Consumption and Urban Economic Growth in El Paso. Water 2020, 12, 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102656
Pastor DJ, Fullerton TM Jr. Municipal Water Consumption and Urban Economic Growth in El Paso. Water. 2020; 12(10):2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102656
Chicago/Turabian StylePastor, Daniel J., and Thomas M. Fullerton, Jr. 2020. "Municipal Water Consumption and Urban Economic Growth in El Paso" Water 12, no. 10: 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102656
APA StylePastor, D. J., & Fullerton, T. M., Jr. (2020). Municipal Water Consumption and Urban Economic Growth in El Paso. Water, 12(10), 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102656