Response of Vertical Migration and Leaching of Nitrogen in Percolation Water of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation and Straw Return Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Area and Climatic Conditions
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Field Measurement and Sampling
2.4. Chemical and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Condition and Rice Yield
3.2. Vertical Migration of NH4+-N, NO3−-N and TN
3.2.1. Vertical Migration of NH4+-N
3.2.2. Vertical Migration of NO3−-N
3.2.3. Vertical Migration of TN
3.3. The Variation of NH4+-N, NO3−-N and TN Concentration in Percolation Water
3.3.1. The Variation of NH4+-N Concentration in Percolation Water
3.3.2. The Variation of NO3−-N Concentration in Percolation Water
3.3.3. The Variation of TN Concentration in Percolation Water
3.4. The Amount of Nitrogen Leaching Losses
4. Conclusions
- RC-CI and DP-SM both showed significant water-saving effect, as they significantly decreased the irrigation input and percolation water volume compared with FI. RC-CI increased the rice yield by 8.23%~12.26% while DP-SM decreased the rice yield by 8.98%~15.24% compared with FI, indicating the better production-increasing benefits of RC-CI.
- The average NH4+-N and TN concentration showed a law of decreasing from top to bottom in soil water of 0~54 cm depth while the concentration of NO3−-N presented the opposite rule. RC-CI significantly presented the highest average NH4+-N and TN concentration of the whole rice growth season in the depth of 0~18, 28~36 and 36~54 cm compared with FI treatment while DP-SM presented the highest average NO3−-N concentration of different depth.
- Peak values of NH4+-N and TN concentration in percolation water were observed 1~5 days after each fertilizer application, indicating that nitrogen fertilizer application was the predominant factor of NH4+-N and TN concentration. However, the NO3−-N concentrations in the percolation water didn’t respond strongly to the application of fertilizer.
- The TN and NH4+-N concentrations in percolation water of RC-CI during most of the rice growth stage were the highest among treatments in both years and DP-SM showed a trend of decreasing TN and NH4+-N concentrations. The NO3−-N concentrations in percolation water showed a regular pattern of DP-SM > RC-CI > FI during most of the rice growth stage.
- RC-CI and DP-SM remarkably reduced the amount of N leaching losses compared to FI as a result of the significant decrease of percolation water volumes. NH4+-N was the main form of the nitrogen leaching losses in percolation water, occupying 49.06%~50.97% of TN leaching losses. The NO3−-N leaching losses and accounted for 30.35% for FI, 33.20% for RC-CI and 44.07% for DP-SM of TN leaching losses, respectively, and the driest condition of DP-SM and the straw-covering condition accelerated the nitrification process most. The N leaching losses in tillering stage and jointing-booting stage accounted for 74.85%~86.26% of the total amount during the whole rice growth season, implying that effective measures are necessary to be taken to reduce N leaching losses the two critical periods.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Re-Greening Stage | Tillering Stage | Jointing-Booting Stage | Heading-Flowering Stage | Milky Stage | Ripening Stage | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth Stage Division | 2017 | 1~9 | 10~39 | 40~64 | 65~83 | 84~103 | 104~122 |
2018 | 1~7 | 8~41 | 42~63 | 64~87 | 88~107 | 108~127 | |
FI | Irrigation lower limited | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | Naturally dried |
Irrigation upper limited | 30 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | ||
Rainfall storage upper limited | 40 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 200 | ||
RC-CI | Irrigation lower limited | 10 | 70% θs | 70% θs | 80%θs | 70% θs | Naturally dried |
Irrigation upper limited | 30 | 100% θs | 100% θs | 100% θs | 100% θs | ||
Rainfall storage upper limited | 80 | 150 | 200 | 200 | 200 | ||
DP-SM | Irrigation lower limited | 80% θs | 60% θs | 60% θs | 60% θs | 50% θs | Naturally dried |
Irrigation upper limited | 100% θs | 100% θs | 100% θs | 100% θs | 100% θs | ||
Rainfall storage upper limited | 40 | 60 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
Fertilizer Application | Type | Amount (kg/ha) | Date | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | |||
Base fertilizer | CO(NH2)2 | 209 | 17 Jun. | 21 Jun. |
P2O5 | 110 | |||
K2O | 117 | |||
Tillering fertilizer | CO(NH2)2 | 105 | 27 Jun. | 28 Jun. |
K2O | 78 | |||
Panicle fertilizer | CO(NH2)2 | 209 | 16 Aug. | 10 Aug. |
Year | Treatments | Total Irrigation (mm) | Precipitation (mm) | Percolation (mm) | Grain Yield (kg/ha) | Irrigation Water Productivity (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | FI | 782.88 a | 534.25 | 364.34 a | 9017.68 b | 1.15 b |
RC-CI | 554.71 b | 211.70 b | 9760.29 a | 1.76 a | ||
DP-SM | 408.59 c | 109.76 c | 7643.84 c | 1.87 a | ||
2018 | FI | 826.6 a | 470.70 | 279.92 a | 10195.74 b | 1.23 c |
RC-CI | 686.05 b | 195.01 b | 11446.11 a | 1.67 b | ||
DP-SM | 505.54 c | 125.35 c | 9280.30 c | 1.84 a |
N Form | Treatments | Tillering Stage | Jointing-Booting Stage | Heading-Flowering Stage | Milky Stage | Ripening Stage | Total Season |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH4+-N | FI | 5.05 a | 4.12 a | 1.60 a | 0.61 a | 0.43 a | 11.82 a |
RC-CI | 3.06 b | 3.00 b | 1.00 b | 0.55 a | 0.26 b | 7.86 b | |
DP-SM | 1.67 c | 1.47 c | 0.32 c | 0.11 b | 0.07 c | 3.64 c | |
NO3−-N | FI | 2.65 a | 2.87 a | 1.11 a | 0.39 a | 0.28 a | 7.29 a |
RC-CI | 1.92 b | 1.99 b | 0.78 b | 0.28 b | 0.16 b | 5.12 b | |
DP-SM | 1.50 c | 1.27 c | 0.35 c | 0.09 c | 0.06 c | 3.27 c | |
TN | FI | 9.86 a | 8.12 a | 3.82 a | 1.37 a | 0.85 a | 24.02 a |
RC-CI | 6.05 b | 5.53 b | 2.21 b | 1.12 b | 0.50 b | 15.42 b | |
DP-SM | 3.47 c | 2.86 c | 0.72 c | 0.24 c | 0.13 c | 7.42 c |
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Zheng, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, Y.; Mwiya, R. Response of Vertical Migration and Leaching of Nitrogen in Percolation Water of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation and Straw Return Conditions. Water 2019, 11, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040868
Zheng C, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Mwiya R. Response of Vertical Migration and Leaching of Nitrogen in Percolation Water of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation and Straw Return Conditions. Water. 2019; 11(4):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040868
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Chengxin, Zhanyu Zhang, Yunyu Wu, and Richwell Mwiya. 2019. "Response of Vertical Migration and Leaching of Nitrogen in Percolation Water of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation and Straw Return Conditions" Water 11, no. 4: 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040868