Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetland Eco-Technology: Influence of Mineral and Plastic Materials as Filter Media and Tropical Ornamental Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Design Features and Operating Criteria of Microcosms
3. Results
Concentration and Removal of Pollutants in CW Microcosms
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter/Microcosms | Influent | C. papyrus | C. indica | H. coronarium | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-A | S-B | S-A | S-B | S-A | S-B | S-A | S-B | ||
pH (pH units) | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 7.4 ± 0.6 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 7.0 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.1 |
DO (mg L−1) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.4 |
Temperature (°C) | 18.0 ± 0.9 | 18.6 ± 0.2 | 18.1 ± 1.3 | 18.5 ± 0.6 | 18.6 ± 0.8 | 17.8 ± 1.6 | 18.2 ± 0.7 | 20.0 ± 0.6 | 19.9 ± 0.7 |
Ornamental Plant | Material Layer | Maximum Root Length (cm) | Maximum Root Volume (cm3) | Maximum Plant Height (cm) | Number of Flower Production | Number of Shoots | Plant Health |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. indica | S-A | 42.3 ± 11.6 a | 424 ± 29.6 a | 59.2 ± 16.2 a | 8 a | 5 a | Without wilting or pests |
S-B | 40.6 ± 12.0 a | 408 ± 19.2 a | 61.8 ± 15.9 a | 7 a | 5 a | Without wilting or pests | |
H. coronarium | S-A | 14.4 ± 2.6c | 60 ± 11.0 c | 40.8 ± 3.2 b | 0 c | 1 c | Without wilting or pests |
S-B | 19.0 ± 6.9 c | 56 ± 11.1 c | 43.0 ± 6.3 b | 0 c | 0 c | Without wilting or pests | |
C. papyrus | S-A | 28.6 ± 9.4 b | 106 ± 28.2 b | 30.3 ± 6.7 b | 4 b | 4 b | Without wilting or pests |
S-B | 30.2 ± 9.1 b | 99 ± 16.4 b | 30.0 ± 5.7 b | 4 b | 4 b | Without wilting or pests |
Parameter | Wetland Vegetation in Different Substrates | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canna indica | Cyperus papyrus | Hedychium coronarium | Control | |||||
S-A | S-B | S-A | S-B | S-A | S-B | S-A | S-B | |
COD | ||||||||
EC | 408 ± 49 | |||||||
CS | 35 ± 13 | 37 ± 11 | 33 ± 14 | 36 ± 14 | 37 ± 9.6 | 35 ± 14 | 96 ± 11 | 91 ± 7.4 |
Removal (%) | 91.4 ± 16 a | 90.9 ± 09 a | 91.9 ± 11 a | 91.2 ± 13 a | 90.9 ± 14.3 a | 91.4 ± 10.2 a | 76.5 ± 14.4 b | 77.7 ± 11.2 b |
TSS | ||||||||
EC | 766 ± 85 | |||||||
CS | 179 ± 18 | 182 ± 28 | 198 ± 32 | 201 ± 25 | 326 ± 56 | 364 ± 49 | 504 ± 61 | 498 ± 69 |
Removal (%) | 76.7 ± 12 a | 76.2 ± 17 a | 74.2 ± 11.2 a | 73.8 ± 29 a | 57.4 ± 11 b | 52.5 ± 16 b | 34.2 ± 12 c | 35.1 ± 08 c |
N-NO3 | ||||||||
EC | 14.4 ± 1.6 | |||||||
CS | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 8.4 ± 0.72 | 8.9 ± 0.22 | 8.6 ± 0.95 | 9.0 ± 0.98 | 11.1 ± 0.13 | 11.9 ± 1.0 |
Removal (%) | 44 ± 6.8 a | 41.0 ± 4.2 a | 41.7 ± 8.8 a | 38.2 ± 9.6 a | 40.3 ± 11.6 a | 37.5 ± 5.0 a | 20.8 ± 7.6 b | 17.4 ± 4.3 b |
P-PO4 | ||||||||
EC | 9.11 ± 1.4 | |||||||
CS | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 9.2 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.16 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.8 |
Removal (%) | 45.1 ± 6.1 a | 49.5 ± 4.9 a | 57.2 ± 9.9 a | 53.9 ± 8.9 a | 55.0 ± 3.1 a | 57.2 ± 2.6 a | 35.2 ± 0.8 b | 38.5 ± 2.1 b |
N-NH4 | ||||||||
EC | 5.09 ± 1.0 | |||||||
CS | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.14 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 4.6 ± 0.9 |
Removal (%) | 62.7 ± 4.2 a | 68.6 ± 0.8 a | 50.9 ± 5.2 b | 54.8 ± 3.6 b | 39.1 ± 4.6 c | 31.2 ± 8.1 c | 17.5 ± 1.6 d | 20.2 ± 1.2 d |
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Zamora, S.; Marín-Muñíz, J.L.; Nakase-Rodríguez, C.; Fernández-Lambert, G.; Sandoval, L. Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetland Eco-Technology: Influence of Mineral and Plastic Materials as Filter Media and Tropical Ornamental Plants. Water 2019, 11, 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112344
Zamora S, Marín-Muñíz JL, Nakase-Rodríguez C, Fernández-Lambert G, Sandoval L. Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetland Eco-Technology: Influence of Mineral and Plastic Materials as Filter Media and Tropical Ornamental Plants. Water. 2019; 11(11):2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112344
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamora, Sergio, J. Luis Marín-Muñíz, Carlos Nakase-Rodríguez, Gregorio Fernández-Lambert, and Luis Sandoval. 2019. "Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetland Eco-Technology: Influence of Mineral and Plastic Materials as Filter Media and Tropical Ornamental Plants" Water 11, no. 11: 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112344