Spatial and Seasonal Variation of O and H Isotopes in the Jiulong River, Southeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Background of the Study Area
2.2. Water Collection and Analytical Methods
2.3 Indication of Other Data
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Deuterium Excess (d-Excess)
4.2. Temporal and Spatial Variability of River Water Isotope Composition
4.3. Impacts of Cascade Reservoirs on the Water Cycle
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
January (mm month−1) | 17.5 | 67.9 | 33.0 | 66.5 | 14.7 | 2.1 | 40.2 | 44.3 | 59.1 | 3.2 | 33.7 |
June (mm month−1) | 524.1 | 324.0 | 79.6 | 190.9 | 67.5 | 186.3 | 169.5 | 378.3 | 361.7 | 203.3 | 252.2 |
Total annual rainfall (mm year−1) | 1768.0 | 1512.9 | 1290.5 | 1091.4 | 1023.0 | 1350.0 | 1970.5 | 1219.8 | 1146.2 | 920.5 | 1470.9 |
January × 100/Total rainfall last year | / | 3.8% | 2.2% | 5.2% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 4.8% | 0.3% | 3.7% |
June × 100/Total rainfall last year | / | 18.3% | 5.3% | 14.8% | 6.2% | 18.2% | 12.6% | 19.2% | 29.7% | 17.7% | 27.4% |
Year | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Average (2000–2018) | ||
January (mm month−1) | 4.4 | 72.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 41.5 | 183.3 | 10.7 | 182.4 | 43.9 | ||
June (mm month−1) | 108.9 | 192.2 | 194.2 | 254.2 | 114.1 | 104.6 | 289.5 | / | 221.9 | ||
Total annual rainfall (mm year−1) | 916.7 | 1207.5 | 1663.1 | 1084.5 | 1480.9 | 2168.2 | 987.5 | / | / | ||
January × 100/Total rainfall last year | 0.3% | 7.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3.8% | 12.4% | 0.5% | 18.5% | / | ||
June × 100/Total rainfall last year | 7.4% | 21.0% | 16.1% | 15.3% | 10.5% | 7.1% | 13.4% | / | / |
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Sampling Site | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Altitude (m) | High-Flow Season | Low-Flow Season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δ2H (‰) | δ18O (‰) | d-Excess (‰) | δ2H (‰) | δ18O (‰) | d-Excess (‰) | |||||
North River | 1 | 116.96 | 25.39 | 384 | −52.9 | −8.18 | 12.6 | −57.2 | −8.65 | 12.0 |
2 | 117.06 | 25.41 | 282 | −46.8 | −7.50 | 13.2 | −51.4 | −7.94 | 12.1 | |
3 | 117.28 | 25.36 | 206 | −48.1 | −7.62 | 12.9 | −51.8 | −7.90 | 11.4 | |
4 | 117.27 | 25.32 | 197 | −46.3 | −7.36 | 12.6 | −48.7 | −7.09 | 8.0 | |
5 | 117.33 | 25.33 | 173 | −47.6 | −7.37 | 11.4 | −51.4 | −7.72 | 10.4 | |
6 | 117.36 | 25.38 | 182 | −48.7 | −7.56 | 11.8 | −60.8 | −9.37 | 14.2 | |
7 | 117.40 | 25.38 | 174 | −45.2 | −7.11 | 11.6 | −59.0 | −9.15 | 14.2 | |
8 | 117.37 | 25.35 | 162 | −45.4 | −6.99 | 10.5 | −57.3 | −8.67 | 12.1 | |
9 | 117.37 | 25.32 | 172 | −47.2 | −7.35 | 11.6 | −51.1 | −7.87 | 11.9 | |
10 | 117.44 | 25.28 | 159 | −46.8 | −7.25 | 11.1 | −52.9 | −8.00 | 11.2 | |
11 | 117.54 | 25.34 | 177 | −47.0 | −7.26 | 11.1 | −51.6 | −7.73 | 10.2 | |
12 | 117.53 | 25.21 | 143 | −47.8 | −7.47 | 12.0 | −54.2 | −8.21 | 11.5 | |
13 | 117.50 | 25.14 | 153 | −51.6 | −7.91 | 11.7 | −55.8 | −8.44 | 11.7 | |
14 | 117.55 | 25.10 | 109 | −47.7 | −7.37 | 11.2 | −57.5 | −8.76 | 12.5 | |
15 | 117.52 | 25.01 | 89 | −47.7 | −7.50 | 12.3 | −57.3 | −8.71 | 12.4 | |
16 | 117.52 | 24.99 | 83 | −50.2 | −7.66 | 11.1 | −49.6 | −7.62 | 11.3 | |
17 | 117.55 | 24.92 | 35 | −48.0 | −7.47 | 11.8 | −59.4 | −8.90 | 11.8 | |
18 | 117.60 | 24.81 | 27 | −48.2 | −7.51 | 11.9 | −57.9 | −8.58 | 10.7 | |
19 | 117.60 | 24.74 | 16 | −48.2 | −7.48 | 11.6 | −59.1 | −8.84 | 11.5 | |
20 | 117.63 | 24.66 | 8 | −47.2 | −7.09 | 9.5 | −59.1 | −8.81 | 11.4 | |
21 | 117.76 | 24.63 | 13 | −45.4 | −6.78 | 8.8 | −45.8 | −6.66 | 7.5 | |
22 | 117.74 | 24.56 | 7 | −47.9 | −7.32 | 10.7 | −59.6 | −8.84 | 11.2 | |
23 | 117.78 | 24.52 | 29 | −47.9 | −7.54 | 12.4 | −59.1 | −8.96 | 12.6 | |
West River | 24 | 117.23 | 24.66 | 136 | −49.3 | −7.62 | 11.7 | −48.6 | −7.41 | 10.7 |
25 | 117.25 | 24.61 | 78 | −48.5 | −7.50 | 11.5 | −50.3 | −7.53 | 9.9 | |
26 | 117.33 | 24.54 | 37 | −48.1 | −7.49 | 11.8 | −48.2 | −7.46 | 11.5 | |
27 | 117.37 | 24.50 | 23 | −47.3 | −7.40 | 11.9 | −47.5 | −7.09 | 9.2 | |
28 | 117.40 | 24.48 | 24 | −43.7 | −6.89 | 11.4 | −48.6 | −7.40 | 10.6 | |
29 | 117.43 | 24.52 | 20 | −46.2 | −7.24 | 11.7 | −48.2 | −7.60 | 12.6 | |
30 | 117.45 | 24.58 | 27 | −47.4 | −7.32 | 11.2 | −51.2 | −7.86 | 11.7 | |
31 | 117.59 | 24.56 | 16 | −46.2 | −7.13 | 10.9 | −52.9 | −8.16 | 12.4 | |
32 | 117.69 | 24.50 | 1 | −46.2 | −7.16 | 11.0 | −51.5 | −7.67 | 9.8 | |
33 | 117.75 | 24.49 | 1 | −46.4 | −7.09 | 10.3 | −53.4 | −8.21 | 12.3 | |
South River | 34 | 117.55 | 24.26 | 70 | −45.4 | −6.98 | 10.5 | −43.3 | −6.52 | 8.8 |
35 | 117.67 | 24.34 | 16 | −43.6 | −6.69 | 9.8 | −42.6 | −6.15 | 6.6 | |
36 | 117.76 | 24.35 | 7 | −43.2 | −6.58 | 9.5 | −44.1 | −6.09 | 4.6 | |
37 | 117.90 | 24.36 | −1 | −42.8 | −6.54 | 9.5 | −38.1 | −5.62 | 6.8 | |
Estuary | 38 | 117.79 | 24.47 | 7 | −46.9 | −7.23 | 10.9 | −54.7 | −8.27 | 11.5 |
39 | 117.90 | 24.48 | −2 | −47.4 | −7.41 | 11.9 | −56.0 | −8.61 | 12.9 | |
40 | 117.89 | 24.44 | 0 | −46.0 | −7.08 | 10.7 | −45.6 | −6.55 | 6.7 | |
41 | 117.87 | 24.43 | 0 | −47.1 | −7.11 | 9.8 | −46.8 | −6.61 | 6.0 | |
42 | 117.86 | 24.42 | 5 | −47.0 | −7.28 | 11.2 | −46.9 | −7.01 | 9.2 |
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Yang, K.; Han, G.; Liu, M.; Li, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Q. Spatial and Seasonal Variation of O and H Isotopes in the Jiulong River, Southeast China. Water 2018, 10, 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111677
Yang K, Han G, Liu M, Li X, Liu J, Zhang Q. Spatial and Seasonal Variation of O and H Isotopes in the Jiulong River, Southeast China. Water. 2018; 10(11):1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111677
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Kunhua, Guilin Han, Man Liu, Xiaoqiang Li, Jinke Liu, and Qian Zhang. 2018. "Spatial and Seasonal Variation of O and H Isotopes in the Jiulong River, Southeast China" Water 10, no. 11: 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111677