Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Illegally Imported Food Products into the European Union Harbor Different Virulence Factor Variants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Listeria monocytogenes Isolates
2.2. Multilocus Sequence Typing and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing
2.3. Sequencing and Analysis of Virulence Genes
2.4. Nucleotide Sequence Accession Number
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Strain Characteristics and Genotype Diversity
3.2. InlA Variants
3.3. Listeriolysin O Variants
3.4. ActA Variants
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Continent | Country | STs |
---|---|---|
Africa (n = 1) | Morocco (n = 1) | 199 (n = 1) |
Asia (n = 28) | Armenia (n = 1) | 18 (n = 1) |
China (n = 5) | 8, 9, 121 (n = 1); 87 (n = 2) | |
Georgia (n = 1) | 2 (n = 1) | |
Nepal (n = 1) | 308 (n = 1) | |
Russia (n = 6) | 5, 9, 11, 37 (n = 1); 121 (n = 2) | |
Turkey (n = 14) | 3, 5, 37 (n = 1); 1 (n = 2); 121 (n = 4); 9 (n = 5) | |
Europe (n = 18) | Albania (n = 1) | 2 (n = 1) |
Republic of Moldova (n = 15) | 2, 9 (n = 1); 8, 21 (n = 2); 155 (n = 4); 20 (n = 5) | |
Ukraine (n = 2) | 2, 37 (n = 1) | |
South America (n = 10) | Argentina (n = 1) | 2 (n = 1) |
Bolivia (n = 1) | 9 (n = 1) | |
Brazil (n = 1) | 155 (n = 1) | |
Colombia (n = 2) | 87, 378 (n = 1) | |
Ecuador (n = 3) | 2 (n = 3) | |
Peru (n = 1) | 2 (n = 1) | |
Venezuela (n = 1) | 87 (n = 1) |
Food Source | STs |
---|---|
Dairy (n = 9) | 1, 3, 5, 9, 121 (n = 1) |
2 (n = 4) | |
Fish (n = 11) | 2, 8, 121 (n = 1) |
20, 155 (n = 4) | |
Meat (n = 36) | 1, 5, 11, 18, 20, 155, 199, 308, 378 (n = 1) |
8 (n = 2) | |
37 (n = 3) | |
2, 87 (n = 4) | |
121 (n = 6) | |
9 (n = 8) | |
Other (n = 1) | 121 (n = 1) |
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Rychli, K.; Stessl, B.; Szakmary-Brändle, K.; Strauß, A.; Wagner, M.; Schoder, D. Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Illegally Imported Food Products into the European Union Harbor Different Virulence Factor Variants. Genes 2018, 9, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9090428
Rychli K, Stessl B, Szakmary-Brändle K, Strauß A, Wagner M, Schoder D. Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Illegally Imported Food Products into the European Union Harbor Different Virulence Factor Variants. Genes. 2018; 9(9):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9090428
Chicago/Turabian StyleRychli, Kathrin, Beatrix Stessl, Kati Szakmary-Brändle, Anja Strauß, Martin Wagner, and Dagmar Schoder. 2018. "Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Illegally Imported Food Products into the European Union Harbor Different Virulence Factor Variants" Genes 9, no. 9: 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9090428