Clinical Signs in 166 Beagles with Different Genotypes of Lafora
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question | Response Options |
---|---|
Does your dog show the following signs of disease? Generalized epileptic seizures: recurrent brief episodes (1–5 min) with several of the following signs: unconsciousness, falling over, rowing movements of the limbs, jaw smacking, salivation, uncontrolled urination or defaecation | yes; no; I cannot say |
At what age did the signs mentioned above start? | 1 to 14 at yearly intervals; 15 or older; I cannot say |
How often, on average, does your dog experience the above-mentioned seizures? | every day; several times a weekonce a week; several times a month; once a month; 1–2 × every six months; once a year; highly variable frequency; I cannot say |
Does your dog show the following signs of disease? jerking of the head when a hand moves towards the dog’s head, when the head is touched, when there is a sudden light or sound stimulus or even without a triggering stimulus | yes; no; I cannot say |
At what age did the signs mentioned above start? | 1 to 14 at yearly intervals; 15 or older; I cannot say |
How often, on average, does your dog experience the above-mentioned jerks? | every day; several times a week; once a week; several times a month; once a month; 1–2 × every six months; once a year; highly variable frequency; I cannot say |
Does your dog show the following behavioural changes (all the following abnormalities were asked separately)?
| yes; no; I cannot say |
Is your dog still alive or has your dog unfortunately died or had to be put down? | he/she is still alive; he/she is no longer alive |
<6 Years of Age | ≥6 Years of Age | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Lafora/Lafora | 2 | 4 | 35 | 26 | 67 |
Normal/Lafora | 4 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 32 |
Normal/Normal | 14 | 22 | 16 | 15 | 67 |
total | 20 | 37 | 60 | 49 | 166 |
Clinical Sign | Genotype | Odds Ratio for the Presence of the L/L Genotype | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/N | N/L | L/L | |||
generalized tonic–clonic epileptic seizures | 3 (8.3%) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (50.0%) | 16 | 0.012 |
jerking of the head | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.003 | |
sensitivity to noise | 1 (2.8%) | 2 (14.3%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.084 | |
photosensitivity | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.001 | |
anxiousness | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (7.7%) | 4 (66.7%) | 0.003 | |
seeking attention | 15 (42.9%) | 6 (40.0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 1.000 | |
coordination problems | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (66.7%) | < 0.001 | |
difficulties climbing stairs | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.001 | |
frequent blinking | 2 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (66.7%) | 0.001 | |
restless pacing | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.051 | |
staring into space | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.298 | |
impaired vision | 1 (3.0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 2 (50.0%) | 0.026 | |
impaired hearing | 2 (5.7%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.007 | |
sleepiness | 6 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.200 | |
decreasing playfulness | 6 (16.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.237 | |
loss of house training | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.201 | |
has forgotten things | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.201 | |
difficulties learning new tasks | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.010 | |
panic attacks | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.3%) | 0.010 | |
problems in unfamiliar surroundings | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.001 | |
aggression towards people | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.201 | |
aggression towards animals | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (15.4%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.163 |
Clinical Sign | Genotype | Odds Ratio for the Presence of the L/L Genotype | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/N | N/L | L/L | |||
generalized tonic–clonic epileptic seizures | 12 (40.0%) | 5 (29.4%) | 48 (78.7%) | 6.52 | <0.001 |
jerking of the head | 4 (13.8%) | 3 (17.6%) | 60 (98.4%) | 334.3 | <0.001 |
sensitivity to noise | 6 (20.0%) | 0 (0%) | 37 (63.8%) | 14.4 | <0.001 |
photosensitivity | 1 (3.6%) | 2 (11.8%) | 48 (81.4%) | 61.1 | <0.001 |
anxiousness | 7 (24.1%) | 3 (18.8%) | 31 (55.4%) | 4.3 | 0.001 |
seeking attention | 15 (46.7%) | 5 (29.4%) | 44 (75.9%) | 4.6 | <0.001 |
coordination problems | 5 (16.7%) | 3 (17.6%) | 38 (64.4%) | 8.8 | <0.001 |
difficulties climbing stairs | 7 (23.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 38 (54.8%) | 7.4 | <0.001 |
frequent blinking | 2 (7.4%) | 2 (11.8%) | 31 (88.6%) | 135 | <0.001 |
restless pacing | 6 (21.4%) | 2 (12.5%) | 27 (46.6%) | 39 | 0.003 |
staring into space | 8 (27.6%) | 2 (13.3%) | 32 (62.7%) | 5.7 | <0.001 |
impaired vision | 3 (12.0%) | 2 (13.3%) | 29 (61.7%) | 11.3 | <0.001 |
impaired hearing | 5 (18.5%) | 1 (6.3%) | 19 (40.4%) | 4.2 | 0.009 |
sleepiness | 6 (20.7%) | 2 (12.5%) | 37 (67.3%) | 9.5 | <0.001 |
decreasing playfulness | 7 (23.3%) | 2 (11.8%) | 39 (70.9%) | 10.3 | <0.001 |
loss of house training | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 7 (11.5%) | 0.134 | |
has forgotten things | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 16 (27.1%) | 17.1 | <0.001 |
difficulties learning new tasks | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 15 (34.9%) | 23.6 | <0.001 |
panic attacks | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.3) | 13 (22.4%) | 13.0 | 0.003 |
problems in unfamiliar surroundings | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 18 (34.6%) | 24.4 | <0.001 |
aggression towards people | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (8.2%) | 0.234 | |
aggression towards animals | 2 (6.9%) | 3 (18.8%) | 9 (15.0%) | 0.773 |
Selection of Clinical Signs | Regression Coefficient | p-Value | Odds Ratio | Correct Assignment to Genotype L/L | Correct Assignment to Genotype N/L + N/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
jerking of the head | 3.480 | 0.000 | 32.4 | 93.7% | 91.4% |
photosensitivity | 2.222 | 0.008 | 9.2 | ||
has forgotten things he/she used to be able to do | 2.029 | 0.008 | 7.6 |
Selection of Clinical Signs | Regression Coefficient | p-Value | Odds Ratio | Correct Assignment to Genotype L/L | Correct Assignment to Genotype N/L + N/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
jerking of the head | 4.332 | 0.000 | 76.1 | 98.2% | 84.1% |
photosensitivity | 1.979 | 0.023 | 7.2 | ||
has forgotten things he/she used to be able to do | 2.676 | 0.108 | 0.6 |
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Flegel, T.; Dirauf, C.; Kehl, A.; Dietzel, J.; Holtdirk, A.; Langbein-Detsch, I.; Müller, E. Clinical Signs in 166 Beagles with Different Genotypes of Lafora. Genes 2024, 15, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15010122
Flegel T, Dirauf C, Kehl A, Dietzel J, Holtdirk A, Langbein-Detsch I, Müller E. Clinical Signs in 166 Beagles with Different Genotypes of Lafora. Genes. 2024; 15(1):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15010122
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlegel, Thomas, Christine Dirauf, Alexandra Kehl, Josephine Dietzel, Annette Holtdirk, Ines Langbein-Detsch, and Elisabeth Müller. 2024. "Clinical Signs in 166 Beagles with Different Genotypes of Lafora" Genes 15, no. 1: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15010122
APA StyleFlegel, T., Dirauf, C., Kehl, A., Dietzel, J., Holtdirk, A., Langbein-Detsch, I., & Müller, E. (2024). Clinical Signs in 166 Beagles with Different Genotypes of Lafora. Genes, 15(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15010122