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Article

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Hermit Crab Diogenes edwardsii (Anomura: Diogenidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships within Infraorder Anomura

by
Xiaoke Pang
1,
Wenjing Fu
1,
Jianfeng Feng
1,
Biao Guo
2,
Xiaolong Lin
3,4,* and
Xueqiang Lu
1,*
1
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
2
Department of Fishery Resources, Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China
3
Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
4
Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2023, 14(2), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14020470
Submission received: 23 December 2022 / Revised: 30 January 2023 / Accepted: 6 February 2023 / Published: 12 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

:
A complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) can provide important information for gene rearrangement, molecular evolution and phylogenetic analysis. Currently, only a few mitogenomes of hermit crabs (superfamily Paguridae) in the infraorder Anomura have been reported. This study reports the first complete mitogenome of the hermit crab Diogenes edwardsii assembled using high-throughput sequencing. The mitogenome of Diogenes edwardsii is 19,858 bp in length and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. There are 28 and six genes observed on the heavy and light strands, respectively. The genome composition was highly A + T biased (72.16%), and exhibited a negative AT-skew (−0.110) and positive GC-skew (0.233). Phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide dataset of 16 Anomura species indicated that D. edwardsii was closest related to Clibanarius infraspinatus in the same family, Diogenidae. Positive selection analysis showed that two residues located in cox1 and cox2 were identified as positively selected sites with high BEB value (>95%), indicating that these two genes are under positive selection pressure. This is the first complete mitogenome of the genus Diogenes, and this finding helps us to represent a new genomic resource for hermit crab species and provide data for further evolutionary status of Diogenidae in Anomura.

1. Introduction

In the past twenty years, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been widely used in the studies of molecular evolution and reconstruction of phylogeny [1,2]. Nucleotide sequences or amino acid data, gene arrangement and RNA secondary structures of mitogenomes are greatly useful for exploring the relationships between metazoan lineages [2,3]. Generally, a metazoan mitogenome is a closed circular DNA molecule, ranging in size from 14 to 20 kb, and typically contains 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (cob, cox1-3, atp6, atp8, nad1-6, and nad4l), 2 rRNA genes (rrnS and rrnL), and 22 tRNA genes [4]. In addition, there are always several noncoding regions in the mitogenome, and the longest noncoding “AT-rich” region is known as the control region, which contains some of the initiation sites for genome transcription and replication [4]. Mitochondrial DNA generally forms an independent unit of genetic information that evolves independently of the nuclear genome [5]. Due to their haploid characteristics, maternal inheritance, limited recombination and rapid rate of evolution, mitogenomes have been commonly used for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies [6]. With the rapid development of sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing has become a fast and low-cost method to provide complete mitogenomes [7].
The infraorder Anomura is a collection of diverse crustaceans placed within the Decapoda with over 2500 species [8]. Anomura species have an exceptional range of body forms and can be found in diverse habitats including hydrothermal vents, freshwater bodies, and terrestrial environments [9]. The latest classification scheme divides Anomura into seven superfamilies: Aegloidea, Chirostyloidea, Galatheoidea, Hippoidea, Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea, and Paguroidea. Hermit crabs (the superfamily Paguroidea Latreille, 1802) are one of the best known and most diverse consisting of Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, Paguridae, Parapaguridae, Pylochelidae, and Pylojacquesidae, with more than 1100 species inhabiting diverse biotopes from intertidal to deep seas [10]. The hermit crabs represent an intermediate group of crustaceans from Macrura to Brachyura, which occupy a key position in crustacean evolution [11]. These species are unique because they have asymmetrical bodies that allow them to live in gastropod shells. However, merely a few of the evolutionary relationships of hermit crabs at taxonomic levels have been investigated, which are still waiting for researchers to further resolve [12,13,14].
Diogenidae Ortmann, 1892 is the second largest family of the superfamily Paguroidea, including 22 genera and 482 species worldwide (http://www.marinespecies.org/, accessed on 28 September 2022). Within Diogenidae, hermit crabs of the diogenid genus Diogenes Dana, 1851 contains about 60 species [15,16]. Most studies of species in the genus Diogenes were described based on their morphology [15,17,18], and the mitogenomes of the species in genus Diogenes have never been reported, nor have their phylogenies within the infraorder Anomura. The species Diogenes edwardsii was considered to constitute a scavenging force as important as nassariid gastropods, showing an important ecological value in the marine ecosystem [19]. Up to now, only some morphological features and feeding behavior information of D. edwardsii have been investigated [19]. As reported, D. edwardsii is characteristic in the spinose left chela, lacking a distinct crest on the outer surface, having possession of one prominent spine on the ventromesial margin proximally on the merus of the left cheliped, and the propodus of the left third pereopod being armed with additional rows of spinules on the lateral surface [19].
Prior to this study, the mitogenomic characteristics of D. edwardsii have never been reported. We newly sequenced and annotated the first complete mitogenome of the hermit crab D. edwardsii based on specimen from the Bohai Bay in China. The mitogenome organization and codon usage of D. edwardsii were revealed. The phylogenetic relationships of Anomura were reconstructed based on published mitogenomes to explore the potential status of D. edwardsii. We also performed positive selection analysis of Anomura mitochondrial PCGs to understand the adaptive evolution of D. edwardsii in Anomura.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and DNA Extraction

An adult female D. edwardsii was collected form Bohai Bay (38°32.12′ N, 118°1.50′ E), China, in November 2021. Species-level morphological identification was carried out according to the main ideas of Komai et al. [18]. The specimen was preserved in 95% ethanol and stored at −80 °C in dark. Genomic DNA was extracted from the specimen’s muscle tissue using the SDS method [20]. The harvested DNA was detected using agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified by a Qubit® 2.0 Fluorometer (Thermo Scientific, Shanghai, China). The DNA and voucher specimen of D. edwardsii was deposited in the College of Environmental Science and Engineering at Nankai University (Tianjin, China).

2.2. Mitogenome Sequencing and Assembly

After DNA isolation, 1 μg of purified DNA was fragmented. Paired-end libraries (450 bp) were prepared following the manufacturer’s instructions, then sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 at Shanghai BIOZERON Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Raw reads were filtered into clean reads prior to assembly, and then undesirable reads were removed. These were reads with adaptors; low quality reads (i.e., those showing a quality score below 20 (Q < 20)); reads which comprised more than 10% of unknown bases (N); and any duplicated sequences. The mitochondrial genome was reconstructed using a combination of de novo and reference-guided assemblies, and the following three steps were performed to assemble the mitogenome. Firstly, the filtered reads were assembled into contigs using SPAdes 3.14.1 (http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades, accessed on 24 March 2022). Then, BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, accessed on 24 March 2022) was used to align contigs with reference mitogenomes from Anomura species, and aligned contigs (≥80% similarity and query coverage) were ordered according to the reference mitogenomes. Finally, GapCloser 1.12 with default parameters were used to map the clean reads to the assembled mitogenome, and most gaps were filled with local assembly.
The mitochondrial genes were annotated using the online MITOS tool (http://mitos.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/index.py, accessed on 24 March 2022), and the protein-coding genes, transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and ribosome RNA (rRNA) genes were predicted with default parameters. BLAST searches for reference mitochondrion genes were used to determine the location of each coding gene. Manual corrections of genes for start/stop codons were performed in SnapGene Viewer by referring to the reference mitogenomes. The circular map of mitogenome of D. edwardsii was drawn by the CGview tool (http://stothard.afns.ualberta.ca/cgview_server/, accessed on 24 March 2022).

2.3. Sequence Analysis

The nucleotide composition and codon usage were computed using DnaSP 5.1 [21]. The AT and GC skews were calculated with the following formulas: AT skew = (A − T)/(A + T) and GC skew = (G − C)/(G + C) [22], where A, T, G, and C are the occurrences of the four nucleotides. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession number OP047688.

2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis

Along with the complete mitogenome DNA sequence from D. edwardsii, all currently complete mitochondrial sequences of 16 Anomura species were used in phylogenetic analysis (Table 1). Ovalipes punctatus (GenBank: NC_042695) and Callinectes sapidus (GenBank: NC_006281) were used as outgroups (Table 1). Our data set was based on nucleotide sequences from 13 mitochondrial PCGs (cox1, cox2, cox3, cob, atp6, atp8, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4l, nad5, and nad6). Multiple alignments of the whole 13 genes were conducted using MUSCLE 3.8.31. Ambiguously aligned regions and gaps in aligned sequences were removed using Gblocks server 0.91b [21] with the default setting. ModelTest 2.1.10 [22] was used to select the best-fit evolutionary models GTR + I + G for the nucleotide dataset. The Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of phylogenetic trees and model parameters were performed by RAxML 8.2.8 [23], and the best model was determined through AIC and BIC scores. Topological robustness for the ML analysis was evaluated with 100 replicates of bootstrap support. The phylogenetic tree (http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/phyml/, accessed on 22 July 2022) was constructed by PhyML v3.0 and graphically edited with the iTOL 3.4.3 (https://itol.embl.de/itol.cgi, accessed on 22 July 2022).

2.5. Positive Selection Analysis

As reported in [24], comparing the nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution ratios (ω = dN/dS) has become a useful approach for quantifying the effect of natural selection on molecular evolution: ω > 1, =1 and <1 represent positive selection, neutrality and purifying selection, respectively [25]. The codon-based maximum likelihood (CodeML) method implemented in the PAML package [26] was applied to estimate the dN/dS ratio ω. The combined database of 13 mitochondrial PCGs was used for the selection pressure analyses. The ML phylogenetic tree was used as the working topology in the CodeML analyses.
We used branch models in the present study to evaluate positive selection in the infraorder Anomura. First, under an assumption of no adaptive evolution in the gene sequences, the one-ratio model (M0) estimated the distribution of ω values as a benchmark, which assumes a single ω ratio for all branches in the phylogenetic relationships [27]. Then, the two-ratio model (M2) that allows the background lineages and foreground lineages to have distinctive ω ratio values was used to detect positive selection acting on branches of interest [28,29]. Last, a free-ratio model (M1), which allows ω ratio variation among branches, was used to estimate ω values on each branch [29]. The one-ratio model (M0) and the free-ratio model (M1) were compared to determine whether different clades in Anomura had different ω values. In addition, the one-ratio model (M0) and the two-ratio model (M2) were used to compare whether Paguroidea species underwent more selection pressure than other Anomura species. Here, ω0 and ω1 represent the values for the background branch and foreground branch, respectively. Pairwise models were compared with the critical values of the Chi square (χ2) distribution using likelihood ratio tests (LRTs). The test statistic was estimated as twice the difference in log likelihood (2ΔL) and the degrees of freedom were estimated as the difference in the number of parameters for each model.
Additionally, branch-site models were fitted to examine the positive selection on some sites among the Anomura species. Branch-site models allow ω to vary both among sites in the protein and across branches on the tree. Branch-site model A (positive selection model) was used to identify the positive selected sites among the lineages of Paguroidea species (marked as foreground lineages). The sites with ω > 1 suggest that model A fits the data significantly better than the corresponding null model. Bayes Empirical Bayes analysis was used to calculate posterior probabilities to identify positive selection sites on the foreground lineages if the LRTs was significant [30].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Dedwardsii Mitogenome Organization

The Illumina HiSeq runs resulted in 59,106,998 paired-end reads from the D. edwardsii library with an insert size of approximately 450 bp. Selective-assembly analysis showed that 185,891 reads were assembled into a 19,858 bp circular molecule, representing the complete mitogenome of D. edwardsii (Figure 1 and Table 2). This length is longer than the mitogenome length of other reported Anomura species, which ranges from 15,324 bp in N. maculatus to 17,910 bp in Munidaisos (Table 1). The genome encodes 37 genes, including 13 PCGs, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. A total of 28 genes are encoded on the heavy (H) strand, and nine genes are encoded on the light (L) strand (Table 2). The intergenic regions are distributed in 28 locations, and the longest region is 1971 bp (between trnS2-tca and nad1). Meanwhile, 31 overlapping nucleotides are located in four pairs of neighboring genes for the mitogenome. These overlapping nucleotides vary in length from 1 to 18 bp, and the longest overlap is located between rrnL and trnV-gta. The D. edwardsii mitogenome has a nucleotide composition of 32.11% A, 10.68% C, 17.16% G, and 40.05% T and an overall AT content of 72.16%. For the D. edwardsii mitogenome, the AT skew is −0.110, and the GC skew is 0.233, which indicates bias toward T and G. This asymmetry often occurs on Anomura species [11,26,31,32]. In mammals, the duration of single-stranded state of the “heavy-stranded” genes during mitochondrial DNA replication can explain this asymmetry [32]. Whether or not the same explanation works on our results remains difficult to predict at this time due to the scarcity of information regarding DNA replication of invertebrate mitochondria.
For most families of the order Decapoda, congeners belonging to the same family generally possess identical gene arrangement [11], which has particularly been confirmed based on the reported crab mitogenomes [26,27,28]. However, comparing with the reported mitogenomes of the species C. infraspinatus and D. arrosor belonging to the same family Diogenidae, the D. edwardsii mitogenome possesses a distinctive gene arrangement [11,29]. For instance, nad5 is located between trnH-cac and trnF-ttc in the mitogenome of D. edwardsii, instead of the common location between trnF-phe and trnH-his in the mitogenomes of C. infraspinatus and D. arrosor. The gene rearrangement found in the D. edwardsii mitogenome deepens our understanding of this genomic feature about hermit crabs, and represents a special gene order in the genus Diogenes.

3.2. Protein-Coding Genes

The total length of all 13 PCGs of D. edwardsii is 10,888 bp, accounting for 54.83% of the complete length of the mitogenome (Table 2). The 13 PCGs ranged in size from 159 bp (atp8) to 1707 bp (nad5), and all 13 PCGs are encoded on the heavy strand (Table 2). Furthermore, there are two reading-frame overlaps on the same strand: atp6 and atp8, and atp6 and cox3 each share seven and one nucleotides (Table 2). The PCGs encode 3629 amino acids, among which Ser (16.19%) and Leu (9.84%) are the most and frequently used, and Met (1.64%) and Trp (1.64%) are the least frequently used, respectively. The A + T contents of PCGs and third codon positions in D. edwardsii mitogenome are 69.08% and 72.30%, respectively. The strong AT-bias in the third codon positions is similar to many species in the infraorder Anomura, i.e., D. arrosor, Shinkaia crosnieri and P. longicarpus [11,31,32].
Codon usage bias is a phenomenon in which specific codons are used more frequently than other synonymous codons by certain organisms during the translation of genes to proteins [11]. As shown in Figure 2, a total of 61 available codons are used in D. edwardsii mitogenome. Start and stop codons varied among the PCGs. Four of 13 PCGs use ATT (cox1, atp8, nad6, and nad1) and ATA (nad2, cob, nad4, and nad5) as start codons, and three PCGs use ATG (cox2, atp6, and cox3) and nad3 uses GTG. Seven of 13 PCGs use TAA (cox1, cox2, atp6, cox3, cob, nad1, and nad4l) as a stop codon, and five PCGs use TAG (nad2, atp8, nad4, nad5, and nad3). Finally, nad6 exhibits an incomplete (A) stop codon. The presence of an incomplete stop codon is a common phenomenon in both invertebrate and vertebrate mitochondrial genes [30,33,34]. It is assumed that truncated stop codons are completed via post-transcriptional polyadenylation [35]. Previous studies have shown that truncated stop codons were common in the metazoan mitogenomes and may be corrected by post-transcriptional polyadenylation [36,37]. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values indicated that the six most commonly used codons are TTA(Leu), TCT(Ser), CCT(Pro), ACT(Thr), GCT(Ala), and AGA(Ser) (Figure 2). Based on RSCU and amino acid composition in the PCGs, comparative analyses showed that the acid composition kept similar with most hermit crabs, whereas the codon usage pattern of D. Edwardsii is unidentified with some Paguroidea species. The codon TCT(Ser) instead of TTA(Leu) was often found to be used most frequently in Paguroidea species mitogenomes, i.e., D. arrosor, B. latro, P. longicarpus, and Coenobita rugpsus [9,11,32,38], while without the most frequency in D. edwardsii.

3.3. Ribosomal RNA and Transfer RNA Genes

The rrnL and rrnS genes of D. edwardsii are 1370 bp (AT% = 67.2) and 796 bp (AT% = 67.7) in length, respectively. The total length of rRNA genes accounts for 10.09% of the D. edwardsii mitogenome. Both of the two genes are encoded on the light strand. The AT and GC content of rRNAs are 77.42% and 22.58%, and the AT skew and GC skew are −0.008 and 0.010, respectively, suggesting a slight bias toward the use of T and G.
A total of 22 tRNA genes were identified in the mitogenome of D. edwardsii (Table 2). The length of tRNA genes is 1491 bp, accounting for 7.51% of the complete length of the mitogenome. A total of 15 genes (trnL1-cta, trnK-aaa, trnD-gac, trnR-cga, trnN-aac, trnE-gaa, trnT-aca, trnS2-tca, trnP-cca, trnH-cac, trnF-ttc, trnC-tgc, trnL2-tta, trnG-gga, trnS1-aga) are encoded on the heavy strand and the rest four genes (trnL-atc, trnM-atg, trnY-tac, trnV-gta) are encoded on the light strand. The AT skew of tRNA genes is 0.013, and the GC skew is 0.108, indicating a bias toward A and G. In addition, the codons with A and T in the third position are used more frequently than other synonymous codons. These characteristics reflect codon usage with A and T bias at the third codon position, similar to the bias found in many metazoans [39,40,41].

3.4. Phylogenetic Relationships

In the present study, the phylogenetic relationship of D. edwardsii was constructed on the sequences of the concentrated 13 PCGs from the mitochondrial genomes of 16 Anomura species and two outgroups (Figure 3). Phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs by the ML method. Anomura was divided into two main branches in our phylogenetic tree, which was identified in the previous researches [24,42]. The first clade comprised five families (Porcellanidae, Munididae, Paguridae, Lithodidae, and Kiwaidae) and the second clade contained two families (Coenobitidae and Diogenidae). It is not difficult to find that the two families of the superfamily Paguroidea belong to two branches of the phylogenetic tree, which presents challenges for the current classification based on the morphology. Even if inter-superfamiliar relationships are not fully resolved, clear trends become visible. The phylogenetic relationships of these seven families show as being ((((Porcellanidae + Munididae) + Paguridae) + Lithodidae) + Kiwaidae) + (Coenobitidae + Diogenidae).
Consistent with the traditional morphological classification, the phylogenetic analyses based on molecular methods showed that D. edwardsii clustered with the Diogenidae species C. infraspinatus and D. arrosor. However, the members of the family Coenobitidae B. latro and C. brevimanus are clustered within the same clade. As reported, C. infraspinatus possesses a favor of codon TAT(Ser) and owns the highest Ser content in amino acid composition [29], which showed the same pattern with D. edwardsii. This supports the phylogenetic analysis result that these two species possess a close relationship. The ML bootstrap values supporting D. edwardsii and C. infraspinatus as well as D. arrosor were not high (<80), which may be explained by the different gene arrangements between D. edwardsii and these two species, as discussed in Section 3.1. Thus, more species mitogenomes in the family Diogenidae still need to be investigated to fulfill the systematic phylogeny within the infraorder Anomura. Our newly acquired mitogenome data and phylogenetic results can also be better used to provide a basis for studies of the mitochondrial evolution of Anomura.

3.5. Positive Selection Analysis

The ω(dN/dS) ratio calculated in branching model analysis D. edwardsii’s 13 mitochondrial PCGs was 0.02684 under the one-ratio model (M0) (Table 3), indicating that these genes undergo constrained selection pressure to maintain primary function. When using two-ratio model, the ω ratio of the D. edwardsii branch possess no significant difference compared with that in another branch (ω1 = 0.02703 and ω0 = 0.02683), indicating similarity in the selection pressure between the species in the family Coenobitidae and Diogenidae and other Anomura species. However, in the comparison of the one-ratio model (M0) and the free-ratio model (M1), the LRTs indicated that the free-ratio model fit the data better than the one-ratio model (Table 3), representing that the ω ratios are distinctive among different lineages.
Positive selection often occurs over a short evolutionary time and performs on only a few sites [43,44]. Thus, the signals of positive selection are often overwhelmed by those for successive purifying selection that occur at most sites in the gene sequence [43,44,45]. In the current study, branch-site models were used to determine possible positively selected sites in D. edwardsii (Table 4). Two residues, located in cox1 and cox2, were identified as positive selected sites in D. edwardsii (>95%), respectively, indicating that these two genes are under positive selection pressure. It is known that mitochondrial PCGs are crucial in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes the oxygen terminal reduction, and the catalytic core is encoded by three mitochondrial PCGs (cox1, cox2, and cox3) [45,46]. Cytochrome c oxidase is confirmed to be a particularly important site of the positive selection in marine anoxic adaptation [47,48]. This study also indicates the mechanism applicability of Cytochrome c oxidase on the hermit crabs living in the specific marine environment.
The cytochrome c oxidase requires reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the living cells are exposed to anoxia. The increase in ROS concentration helps to stabilize Hif-1α, which then results in the induction of Hif-1-dependent nuclear hypoxic genes [48,49,50]. In this study, the positive selection sites in cox1 and cox2 of D. edwardsii indicate a phylogenetic adaption of ATP synthase of hermit crabs in the presence of reduced oxygen availability or increased energy requirements. Cox1 and cox2 in mitochondrion are involved in the regulation of platelet aggregation and vasomotor to maintain the stability of physiological functions of cells and tissues [45]. Functional modification mediated by positive selection pressure in D. edwardsii may increase the affinity between the enzyme and oxygen, and then efficiently maintain basic metabolic levels under a hypoxia environment in the marine [45]. The marine environment is characterized by a lack of high pressure and low dissolved oxygen, both of which could directly affect the mitochondrial aerobic respiration process [51]. The positive selected sites found in cox1 and cox2 may be associated with the adaptive evolution of D. edwardsii within the hermit crabs living in the marine environment. Our study provides a foundation for understanding the mitochondrial evolution mechanisms of D. edwardsii to obtain adequate energy and maintain essential metabolic levels in specific marine ecosystem.

4. Conclusions

In this study, we determined and described the complete mitogenome of D. edwardsii, supplementing the first mitogenome information of the genus Diogenes (Anomura: Paguroidea: Diogenidae). Our phylogenetic tree based on molecular methods showed that D. edwardsii possessed the closest relationship with the species C. infraspinatus in the same family. Positive selection analysis showed that cox1 and cox2 of D. edwardsii were under positive selection pressure, indicating the potential mechanisms of this species that efficiently maintain basic metabolic levels under a hypoxia environment in the marine ecosystem. Our results provide useful mitogenome information for a better understanding of the hermit crabs, as well as the phylogenetics of D. edwardsii in the infraorder Anomura.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.P.; methodology, X.P.; resources, W.F., J.F. and B.G.; writing—original draft preparation, X.P.; writing—review and editing, X.L. (Xiaolong Lin) and X.L. (Xueqiang Lu); supervision, X.L. (Xueqiang Lu). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Key Research &Development Program of China, grant number 2019YFE0122300.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The mitochondrial genome has been deposited in the NCBI with accession number OP047688.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Genes 14 00470 g001 550
Figure 1. Complete mitogenome map of D. edwardsii. A total of 28 genes are encoded on the heavy (H) strand and nine genes are encoded on the light (L) strand. Genes for proteins and rRNAs are represented with standard abbreviations. Genes for tRNAs are shown in a single letter for the corresponding amino acid, with two leucine tRNAs and two serine tRNAs distinguished by numerals.
Figure 1. Complete mitogenome map of D. edwardsii. A total of 28 genes are encoded on the heavy (H) strand and nine genes are encoded on the light (L) strand. Genes for proteins and rRNAs are represented with standard abbreviations. Genes for tRNAs are shown in a single letter for the corresponding amino acid, with two leucine tRNAs and two serine tRNAs distinguished by numerals.
Genes 14 00470 g001
Genes 14 00470 g002 550
Figure 2. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) of the D. edwardsii mitogenome.
Figure 2. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) of the D. edwardsii mitogenome.
Genes 14 00470 g002
Genes 14 00470 g003 550
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree derived from Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis based on 13 mitochondrial PCGs (atp6, atp8, cox1, cox2, cox3, cob, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, and nad6). Species belonging to the same superfamily are marked with the same color. Numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities (percent).
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree derived from Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis based on 13 mitochondrial PCGs (atp6, atp8, cox1, cox2, cox3, cob, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, and nad6). Species belonging to the same superfamily are marked with the same color. Numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities (percent).
Genes 14 00470 g003
Table
Table 1. List of Anomura species with their GenBank accession numbers.
Table 1. List of Anomura species with their GenBank accession numbers.
SuperfamilyFamilySpeciesSize(bp)Accession. no
ChirostyloideaKiwaidaeKiwa tyleri16,865NC_034927
GalatheoideaMunididaeMunida gregaria16,326NC_030255
Munida isos17,910NC_039112
PorcellanidaeNeopetrolisthes maculatus15,324NC_020024
Petrolisthes haswelli15,348NC_025572
PaguroideaCoenobitidaeBirgus latro16,411NC_045091
Coenobita brevimanus16,393NC_050386
DiogenidaeClibanarius infraspinatus16,504NC_025776
Dardanus arrosor16,592NC_060631
Diogenes edwardsii19,858OP 047688
LithodidaeLithodes nintokuae15,731NC_024202
Paralithodes brevipes16,303NC_021458
Paralithodes camtschaticus16,720NC_020029
Paralithodes platypus16,883NC_042240
PaguridaePagurus longicarpus15,630NC_003058
Pagurus nigrofascia15,423NC_042412
Pagurus similis17,100NC_057304
OutgroupAlpheidaeAlpheus distinguendus15,700NC_014883
Alpheus japonicus16,619NC_038116
Table
Table 2. Mitogenome organization of D. edwardsii.
Table 2. Mitogenome organization of D. edwardsii.
GeneStrandPositionLengthIntergenic RegionStart CodenStop CodenAnticodon
cox1H37–15391503-ATTTAA
trnL1-ctaH1535–160167−5--CUA
cox2H1613–230269011ATGTAA
trnK-aaaH2305–2374702--AAA
nad2H2639–3613975264ATATAG
trnD-gacH3617–3685693--GAC
atp8H3686–38441590ATTTAG
atp6H3838–4512675−7ATGTAA
cox3H4512–5303792−1ATGTAA
trnR-cgaH5318–53816414--CGA
trnN-aacH5391–5459699--AAC
trnE-gaaH5486–55546926--GAA
trnT-acaH5820–588465265--ACA
nad6H5923–>641849638ATTA
cobH6419–754911310ATATAA
trnS2-tcaH7553–7619673--UCA
nad1H9591–10,5179271971ATTTAA
trnP-ccaH10,521–10,588683--CCA
nad4lH10,911–11,183273322GTGTAA
nad4H11,300–12,5141215116ATATAG
trnH-cacH12,521–12,586666--CAC
nad5H12,620–14,326170733ATATAG
trnF-ttcH14,337–14,4077110--UUC
trnI-atcL14,711–14,77666303--AUC
trnM-atgL14,941–15,00969164--AUG
trnC-tgcH15,395–15,46571385--UGC
trnL2-ttaH15,678–15,74871212--UUA
trnG-ggaH15,750–15,815661--GGA
nad3H15,825–16,1693459GTGTAG
trnS1-agaH16,230–16,2956660--AGA
trnY-tacL16,322–16,3876626--UAC
rrnLL16,423–17,792137035--
trnV-gtaL17,775–17,84369−18--GUA
rrnSL17,844–18,6397960--
trnA-gcaL19,241–19,30666601--GCA
trnW-tgaL19,649–19,71769342--UGA
trnQ-caaL19,718–19,784670--CAA
Table
Table 3. CodeML analyses of selection pressure on mitochondrial genes in Paguroidea lineage.
Table 3. CodeML analyses of selection pressure on mitochondrial genes in Paguroidea lineage.
TreesModelslnLParameter
Estimates		Model
Compared		2ΔLLRT
p-Value
Branch models
ML treeM0−120,734.213411ω = 0.02684
Free-ratio−119,787.8256 Free-ratio vs. M01892.775620.00000
Two-ratio−120,734.211446ω0 = 0.02683
ω1 = 0.02703		Two-ratio vs. M00.003930.95001
Branch-sits models p0 = 0.90771;
p1 = 0.03533;
p2a = 0.05483;
p2b = 0.00213
ML treeNull model−119,878.534338ω0 =0.02575;
ω1 = 1.00000;
ω2a = 1.00000;
ω2b = 1.00000
Model A−119,874.014382p0 = 0.91806;
p1 = 0.03578;
p2a = 0.04443;
p2b = 0.00173
ω0 =0.02593;
ω1 = 1.00000;
ω2a = 4.09193;
ω2b = 4.09193		Model A vs. null model9.039912000007460.002641484
Table
Table 4. Possible sites under positive selection in Paguroidea lineage.
Table 4. Possible sites under positive selection in Paguroidea lineage.
ML Tree
GeneCodonAmino AcidBEB Values
cox11839M0.981 *
cox22810S0.958 *
* 0.95 < BEB < 0.99.
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Pang, X.; Fu, W.; Feng, J.; Guo, B.; Lin, X.; Lu, X. The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Hermit Crab Diogenes edwardsii (Anomura: Diogenidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships within Infraorder Anomura. Genes 2023, 14, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14020470

AMA Style

Pang X, Fu W, Feng J, Guo B, Lin X, Lu X. The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Hermit Crab Diogenes edwardsii (Anomura: Diogenidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships within Infraorder Anomura. Genes. 2023; 14(2):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14020470

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pang, Xiaoke, Wenjing Fu, Jianfeng Feng, Biao Guo, Xiaolong Lin, and Xueqiang Lu. 2023. "The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Hermit Crab Diogenes edwardsii (Anomura: Diogenidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships within Infraorder Anomura" Genes 14, no. 2: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14020470

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