Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Information about the Samples
2.2. Ancient-Mitogenome Sequencing
2.3. Sequence Data Analysis
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Data Availability
3. Results
3.1. Authenticity of Ancient DNA Data
3.2. Characteristics of the Ancient Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Genomes
3.3. Phylogenetic Reconstructions
3.4. Time of Haplotype Divergence
4. Discussion
4.1. Phylogeographic Relationships
4.2. Cultural Context
4.3. Population Dynamics of the Mongolian Horse Breed
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Name | Number of Collapsed Reads | Number of Unique Mapped Collapsed Reads | Mitogenome Width of Coverage, % | Mitogenome Average Depth of Coverage | Ancient Library Average Fragment Size | Terminal Library Fragment Deamination, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Er1 | 188,493 | 917 | 97.3 | 6.7 | 90 | 14.49 |
Gan1 | 714,656 | 3143 | 99.1 | 18.6 | 60 | 24.31 |
Gan3 | 743,175 | 6919 | 99.8 | 41.8 | 63 | 25.88 |
Gan11 | 549,992 | 13,893 | 99.7 | 85.9 | 68 | 28.51 |
Gan14 | 511,882 | 11,643 | 99.8 | 66.7 | 65 | 33.77 |
Gan18 | 582,595 | 3322 | 99.5 | 18.5 | 59 | 25.26 |
Node Name | Median Age Estimate | 95% HPD (Height Posterior Density) |
---|---|---|
Er1_Arabian_Akhal-Teke | 3885.2 | [2330.9; 6645.42] |
Gan11_Giara_Naqu | 5056.25 | [3105.38; 7914.36] |
Gan14_Iranian_Tengchong_Yunnan_Tengchong | 5687.42 | [3150.41; 9072.17] |
Gan18_Jinjiang | 4432.33 | [2853.16; 7625.08] |
Gan1_Gan3_Caspian | 9416.83 | [5911.57; 14,467.8] |
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Kusliy, M.A.; Vorobieva, N.V.; Tishkin, A.A.; Makunin, A.I.; Druzhkova, A.S.; Trifonov, V.A.; Iderkhangai, T.-O.; Graphodatsky, A.S. Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations. Genes 2021, 12, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12030412
Kusliy MA, Vorobieva NV, Tishkin AA, Makunin AI, Druzhkova AS, Trifonov VA, Iderkhangai T-O, Graphodatsky AS. Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations. Genes. 2021; 12(3):412. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12030412
Chicago/Turabian StyleKusliy, Mariya A., Nadezhda V. Vorobieva, Alexey A. Tishkin, Alexey I. Makunin, Anna S. Druzhkova, Vladimir A. Trifonov, Tumur-O. Iderkhangai, and Alexander S. Graphodatsky. 2021. "Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations" Genes 12, no. 3: 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12030412