Functional Conservation and Divergence of Five AP1/FUL-like Genes in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
2.2. Total RNA Extraction, Isolation, and Bioinformatics Analysis of AP1/FUL-like Genes from Marigold
2.3. Gene Expression Analysis
2.4. Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay
2.5. Vector Construction and Plant Transformation
2.6. Expression Analysis of Endogenous Genes in Transgenic Plants
3. Results
3.1. Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of TeAP1/FUL-like Genes
3.2. Expression Analysis of TeAP1/FUL-like Genes in Marigold
3.3. Interactions between TeAP1/FUL Proteins and Other MADS-Box Proteins in Marigold
3.4. Early Flowering Caused by Ectopic Expression of TeAP1-2 and TeFUL2 in Arabidopsis
3.5. Expression Analysis of Endogenous Genes in Transgenic Plants
4. Discussion
4.1. Conserved Function of AP1/FUL Genes in Early Flowering
4.2. Potential Redundant Function of TeAP1-1 and TeAP1-2 as Class A Genes
4.3. Divergent Functions among TeFULs Genes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AP1 | APETALA1 |
FUL | FRUITFULL |
AGL79 | AGAMOUS-like 79 |
DEFH28 | DEFICIENS-homolog28 |
PFG | PETUNIA FLOWERING GENE |
qRT-PCR | quantitative real-time PCR |
Semi-PCR | semi-quantitative PCR |
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AD BD | Class A Proteins | Class B Proteins | Class C Proteins | Class D Proteins | Class E Proteins | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TeAP1-1 | TeAP1-2 | TeFUL1 | TeFUL2 | TeFUL3 | TePI | TeAP3-1 | TeAP3-2 | TeTM6-1 | TeTM6-2 | TeAG1 | TeAG2 | TeAGL11-1 | TeAGL11-2 | TeSEP1 | TeSEP3-1 | TeSEP3-2 | TeSEP3-3 | TeSEP4 | TeAGL6 | |
TeAP1-1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | + | - | - |
TeAP1-2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
TeFUL1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
TeFUL2 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
TeFUL3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | - | - |
TePI | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAP3-1 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAP3-2 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeTM6-1 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeTM6-2 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAG1 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAG2 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAGL11-1 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAGL11-2 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeSEP1 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeSEP3-1 | - | - | - | - | + | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeSEP3-2 | + | - | - | + | + | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeSEP3-3 | - | - | - | - | + | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeSEP4 | - | - | - | - | ++ | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
TeAGL6 | - | - | - | - | - | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
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Zhang, C.; Sun, Y.; Yu, X.; Li, H.; Bao, M.; He, Y. Functional Conservation and Divergence of Five AP1/FUL-like Genes in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Genes 2021, 12, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12122011
Zhang C, Sun Y, Yu X, Li H, Bao M, He Y. Functional Conservation and Divergence of Five AP1/FUL-like Genes in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Genes. 2021; 12(12):2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12122011
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Chunling, Yalin Sun, Xiaomin Yu, Hang Li, Manzhu Bao, and Yanhong He. 2021. "Functional Conservation and Divergence of Five AP1/FUL-like Genes in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)" Genes 12, no. 12: 2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12122011