Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Area and Mosquito Collections
2.3. An. gambiae s.l. Samples Preparation and Laboratory Processing
2.4. Partial Sequencing of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene Encompassing Resistant Mutations
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Molecular Identification of An. gambiae Complex
3.2. Detection of Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Mutations
3.3. Genetic Diversity on the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Locus
4. Discussion
4.1. Dynamic of Pyrethroid-Target Site Resistant Alleles within An. gambiae Species in Senegal
4.2. Temporal and Genetic Evolution of Pyrethroid Resistance at Vgsc in Senegal
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locality | N | Genotypes | Allelic Frequencies | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FF | FS | LF | LL | LS | SS | Vgsc-1014F | Vgsc-1014S | Vgsc-1014L | |||
AR | Kaffrine | 90 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 58 | 22 | 2 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.79 |
Kedougou | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.88 | |
Koumpentoum | 95 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 67 | 17 | 3 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.82 | |
Koungheul | 86 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 65 | 19 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.88 | |
Malem_Hodar | 121 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 76 | 23 | 9 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.76 | |
Ndoffane | 106 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 48 | 36 | 5 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.68 | |
Nioro | 92 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 50 | 30 | 2 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.75 | |
Tambacounda | 85 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 58 | 20 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.82 | |
Thies | 134 | 11 | 16 | 11 | 20 | 59 | 17 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.41 | |
Velingara | 75 | 28 | 2 | 3 | 28 | 14 | 0 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.49 | |
Total | 888 | 44 | 32 | 60 | 473 | 240 | 39 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.70 | |
AG | Kedougou | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Koumpentoum | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.67 | 0.08 | 0.25 | |
Malem_Hodar | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Nioro | 22 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.84 | |
Tambacounda | 45 | 41 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.06 | |
Thies | 17 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.38 | |
Velingara | 25 | 23 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.06 | |
Total | 176 | 129 | 3 | 11 | 21 | 8 | 4 | 0.77 | 0.05 | 0.17 | |
AC | Kaffrine | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.88 |
Kedougou | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.75 | |
Koumpentoum | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.93 | |
Koungheul | 42 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.93 | |
Malem_Hodar | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.88 | |
Ndoffane | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Nioro | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.92 | |
Tambacounda | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.75 | |
Thies | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | |
Velingara | 21 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.36 | |
Total | 133 | 14 | 0 | 19 | 95 | 5 | 0 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.80 | |
AG-AC | Nioro | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Tambacounda | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Thies | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Velingara | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.64 | 0.07 | 0.29 | |
Total | 18 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0.64 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
Genotypes | Vgsc-1014F | Vgsc-1014S | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variations | SS | df | F | p-Value | F crit | SS | df | F | p-Value | F Crit |
Between groups | 0.0847 | 2 | 0.7135 | 0.5020 | 3.4928 | 0.0115 | 2 | 0.3306 | 0.7220 | 3.4434 |
Within groups | 1.1865 | 20 | 0.3819 | 22 |
Locality | N | Genotypes | Allelic Frequencies | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FF | FS | LF | LL | LS | SS | Vgsc-1014F | Vgsc-1014S | Vgsc-1014L | |||
2013 | Tambacounda | 47 | 30 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.33 |
Thies | 32 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 0.17 | 0.45 | 0.38 | |
Total | 79 | 32 | 5 | 4 | 19 | 13 | 6 | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.35 | |
2017 | Kaffrine | 42 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 23 | 13 | 2 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.73 |
Koumpentoum | 51 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 34 | 7 | 3 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.77 | |
Koungheul | 64 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 49 | 11 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.88 | |
Malem_Hodar | 66 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 41 | 11 | 4 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.76 | |
Ndoffane | 61 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 25 | 20 | 4 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.64 | |
Nioro | 66 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 45 | 9 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.83 | |
Tambacounda | 64 | 18 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 14 | 1 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.58 | |
Thies | 63 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 6 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.41 | |
Velingara | 61 | 31 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.37 | |
Total | 538 | 61 | 16 | 49 | 270 | 121 | 21 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.66 | |
2018 | Kaffrine | 65 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 48 | 10 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.86 |
Kedougou | 68 | 60 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.11 | |
Koumpentoum | 64 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 45 | 12 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.82 | |
Koungheul | 64 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 53 | 8 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.91 | |
Malem_Hodar | 64 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 41 | 12 | 5 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.76 | |
Ndoffane | 50 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 28 | 16 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.77 | |
Nioro | 64 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 35 | 21 | 2 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.75 | |
Tambacounda | 30 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 19 | 5 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.77 | |
Thies | 62 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 11 | 27 | 8 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 0.44 | |
Velingara | 67 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 19 | 9 | 0 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.37 | |
Total | 598 | 105 | 14 | 39 | 304 | 120 | 16 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.64 |
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Diallo, M.; Hamid-Adiamoh, M.; Sy, O.; Sarr, P.C.; Manneh, J.; Ndiath, M.O.; Gaye, O.; Faye, O.; Konaté, L.; Sesay, A.K.; et al. Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift. Genes 2021, 12, 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121948
Diallo M, Hamid-Adiamoh M, Sy O, Sarr PC, Manneh J, Ndiath MO, Gaye O, Faye O, Konaté L, Sesay AK, et al. Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift. Genes. 2021; 12(12):1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121948
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiallo, Moussa, Majidah Hamid-Adiamoh, Ousmane Sy, Pape Cheikh Sarr, Jarra Manneh, Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath, Oumar Gaye, Ousmane Faye, Lassana Konaté, Abdul Karim Sesay, and et al. 2021. "Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift" Genes 12, no. 12: 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121948