Next Article in Journal
Thyroid Cancer: The Quest for Genetic Susceptibility Involving DNA Repair Genes
Previous Article in Journal
Untangling the Genetics of Human Longevity—A Challenging Quest
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Genes
Volume 10
Issue 8
10.3390/genes10080584
genes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Identification of a Novel Melon Transcription Factor CmNAC60 as a Potential Regulator of Leaf Senescence

by
Songxiao Cao
1,
Zhenbiao Zhang
1,
Chenghui Wang
2,
Xiaoxu Li
1,
Cun Guo
1,
Liyu Yang
1 and
Yongfeng Guo
1,*
1
Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
2
College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2019, 10(8), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10080584
Submission received: 7 June 2019 / Revised: 25 July 2019 / Accepted: 30 July 2019 / Published: 31 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
NAC transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plants’ responses to abiotic stresses and developmental processes, including leaf senescence. Oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) is an important vegetable crop in China and eastern Asia countries. However, little is known about the functions of the melon NAC family members. In this study, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to show that CmNAC60 and the senescence regulator AtNAP were in the same cluster, which implied that CmNAC60 might be a NAC related to leaf senescence. The expression analysis of CmNAC60 in different melon organs showed that the expression of CmNAC60 was highest in the male flowers and lowest in the hypocotyl. In addition, the expression level of CmNAC60 in the senescing leaves was significantly higher than in the non-senescing leaves. Similarly, the expression level of CmNAC60 in the dark-treated leaves was significantly higher than in the untreated leaves. Furthermore, the subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays indicated that CmNAC60 was a nucleus localized NAC transcription factor with a C-terminal transactivation domain. An analysis of the tissue specific expression showed that the promoter of CmNAC60 may contain cis-acting regulatory elements responsive to leaf senescence. CmNAC60 overexpressing lines of Arabidopsis showed a precocious senescence compared with the wild type (WT). Collectively, our results showed that CmNAC60 was associated with leaf senescence, and could be potentially utilized in molecular breeding to improve melon yield or to extend the postharvest shelf life by delaying leaf senescence.

1. Introduction

As the final phase of plant development, leaf senescence is an essential process for plant growth and development [1]. During leaf senescence, a series of changes at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels occur, including the loss of chlorophyll; degradation of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids; and nutrient remobilization [2,3]. Leaf senescence can be regulated by various internal factors, such as age and phytohormones, and environmental factors including abiotic and biotic stresses [1,4]. Upon the onset of senescence, a subset of genes termed as senescence-associated genes (SAGs) are transcriptionally upregulated [3]. In Arabidopsis, 6326 genes have been identified as being differentially expressed during leaf senescence [5]. Transcription factors (TFs) are important regulators that can interact with the cis-acting elements of the target gene promoters, to activate or repress the transcription of the target genes [6]. A number of genes encoding transcription factors have been identified as SAGs, and play regulatory roles in leaf senescence. Several families of TFs, which have important roles in regulating leaf senescence, have been characterized, such as NAC, AP2/ERF, bZIP, WRKY, MYB, and C2H2 zinc-finger [5,7,8,9].
NAC TFs are one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, and the name NAC is originated from the three genes no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF), and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC), which contain the conserved DNA-binding domain [10,11]. Typically, a NAC TF contains a highly conserved N-terminal NAC domain, which contains five conserved subdomains (A to E) and a diverse C-terminal domain. The N-terminal NAC domain is responsible for nuclear localization, DNA binding, and the formation of homodimers or heterodimers, while the C-terminal domain can function as a transcriptional activator or repressor [12,13]. The NAC TF family has been identified by genome-wide analysis in many important plant species. To date, 105 NAC genes in Arabidopsis thaliana [14], 163 in populous [15], 152 in soybean (Glycine max L.) [16], 74 in grapvine (Vitis vinifera) [17], 180 in apple (Malus domestica) [18], 110 in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) [19], and 82 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [20] have been identified. NAC TF family members have been suggested to play an important role in various plant growth and development processes, including cell division [21], aging-induced cell death [22], wood formation [23] and cell wall thickening [24], boundary and shoot meristem formation [25], lateral root formation [26], fruit senescence [27], leaf senescence [28,29,30], programmed cell death [31], and biotic and abiotic stress responses [13,32,33].
Recent studies showed that the NAP subfamily (NAC-like, activated by APETALA 3/PISTILLATA), which are one of the largest subfamilies of NAC TFs, plays important roles in leaf senescence in various plant species [28,34,35,36]. AtNAP showed a specific expression during the leaf senescence of Arabidopsis. The overexpression of AtNAP caused precocious senescence in Arabidopsis, and knockout mutants of AtNAP displayed a significant delay in leaf senescence [28]. A reduced expression of OsNAP, which is the AtNAP ortholog in rice, delayed leaf senescence and extended the grain-filling period, with the result of an increase in grain yield [36]. In addition, the over-expression of GhNAP could cause precocious senescence in Arabidopsis and a down-regulation of GhNAP delayed leaf senescence in cotton [34].
Leaf senescence can reduce crop production and is closely related to fruit ripening and postharvest storage, so controlling leaf senescence to regulate the timing of ripening and extend postharvest shelf life could be achieved by the genetic manipulation of senescence regulating genes [2]. For oriental melon, we may improve the yield or extend postharvest shelf life by controlling the genes related to leaf senescence via genetic engineering.
Recently, the characterization of senescence-related NAC TFs in several plant species has been reported [28,34,35,36,37,38], but little is known about melon NACs. In a previous study, 82 NAC genes have been identified in melon by genome-wide analysis, and CmNAC60 was reported to be a homologous gene of Arabidopsis AtNAP [39]. To study the potential role of CmNAC60 in leaf senescence, the gene was cloned from oriental melon. In this study, CmNAC60 was demonstrated to be a nucleus-localized NAC transcription factor with a C-terminal transactivation domain. The expression of CmNAC60 was significantly higher in the senescing leaves of oriental melon, and the CmNAC60 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed precocious senescence.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials and Dark Treatment

The seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (Col-0) and transgenic plants were sown in a 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium followed by vernalization at 4 °C for 3 days. Then, the seven-day-old seedlings were grown in pots filled with peat soil and vermiculite (1:1, v/v) in a controlled chamber (16 h light/8 h darkness photocycle; 70%–75% relative humidity; 22 °C). Oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) cultivar “Yumeiren” were grown in pots filled with peat soil and vermiculite (1:1, v/v) in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2 °C. Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants for agro-infiltration were grown in a growth chamber (16 h light/8 h darkness photocycle; 70%–75% relative humidity; 25 °C) for four weeks.
For the dark treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana, the tenth leaf from the Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown for six weeks was excised and incubated on wet filter paper soaked in 1/2 MS + 3 mM 2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) (pH = 5.8) in darkness at 22 °C for five days. For the dark treatment of oriental melon, the third leaf of the oriental melon grown for one month was excised and incubated on wet filter paper soaked in 1/2 MS + 3 mM MES (pH = 5.8) in darkness at 22 °C for three and six days.
The tissues harvested from Arabidopsis thaliana and oriental melon were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until used.

2.2. Expression of CmNAC60 in Different Tissues of Oriental Melon

Different tissues, including seeds, cotyledons, hypocotyls, young leaves, stems, roots, tendrils, female flowers, male flowers, and fruits (15 days after pollination), were used in measuring the tissues-specific expression patterns of CmNAC60. In addition, non-senescing and senescing leaves at the same leaf position of oriental melon were used to measure the relative expression level of CmNAC60. All of the collected samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C.

2.3. Isolation and Bioinformatic Analysis of CmNAC60

The cDNA sequence of CmNAC60 was obtained from the melon genome database (http://melonomics.net/) [40]. The NCBI accession number of CmNAC60 is XM_008448163, and the cDNA sequence was amplified by PCR with the CmNAC60-F and CmNAC60-R primers (Supplementary Table S1). Then, the PCR product was purified using a TaKaRa MiniBEST DNA Fragment Purification Kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan), and was cloned into the pMD18-T vector (Takara, Shiga, Japan), followed by transferring into Escherichia coli DH5α competent cells (Takara, Shiga, Japan). The clones showing the expected size were confirmed by sequencing.
The theoretical molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI) of CmNAC60 were predicated using ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/). The nuclear localization signal of CmNAC60 was predicted using the WoLFPSORT algorithm (http://wolfpsort.org/).

2.4. Isolation and Bioinformatic Analysis of the CmNAC60 Promoter

The genomic DNA was extracted from the young leaves of oriental melon using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (Kangwei Biotech, Beijing, China). The sequence of the CmNAC60 promoter was obtained from the melon genome database and amplified by PCR with CmNAC60-pro-F and CmNAC60-pro-R primers (Supplementary Table S1). The online search tool PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) was used to detect putative cis-acting regulatory elements in the CmNAC60 and AtNAP promoters.

2.5. Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis of CmNAC60

Multiple sequence alignments of the deduced protein sequences of CmNAC60, with other reported NAC protein sequences, were aligned using the ClustalW2 software. Then, the multiple sequence alignment of CmNAC60 with other reported NAC protein sequences related to leaf senescence were displayed with GeneDoc.
The phylogenetic tree was constructed with the deduced protein sequences of CmNAC60 and other reported NAC protein sequences from different plant species using the MEGA v5.0 software based on the neighbor-joining (NJ) method with 1000 bootstrap replications. The gene names and GenBank accession numbers of the NAC proteins used are as follows: Arabidopsis thaliana, AtNAP (NP_564966), AtNAM (AAN15611), ATAF1 (NP_171677), ATAF2 (NP_680161), CUC1 (NP_188135), CUC2 (NP_200206), CUC3 (NP_177768), TIP (AAN72023), ANAC019 (NP_175697), ANAC032 (AEE35979), ANAC047 (NP_187057), ANAC055 (NP_188169), ANAC072 (AEE85335), ANAC092 (NP_198777); Brassica napus, BnNAC485 (AAP35056), BnNAC18 (AAP35054), and BnNAC5-8 (AAP35052); Capsicum annuum, CaNAC1 (AAW48094); Cucurbita moschata, CmNAC1 (AWM96385); Dendranthema lavandulifolium, DlNAC1 (ABQ96120); Glycine max, GmNAC3 (AAY46123), GmNAC4 (AAY46124), GmNAC6 (AAY46126), GmNAC11 (ACC66315), and GmNAC20 (ACC66314); Gossypium hirsutum, GhNAC1 (ACI15341), GhNAC2 (ACI15342), and GhNAC5 (ACI15346); Hordeum vulgare, HvNAC6 (CAM57978); Nicotiana tabacum, TREN (BAA78417); Oryza sativa, OsNAC3 (BAA89797), OsNAC4 (BAA89798), OsNAC5 (BAA89799), OsNAC6 (BAA89800), OsNAC052 (AAT44250), OsNAP (NP_912423), and SNAC1 (ABD52007); Petunia hybrid, NAM (CAA63101); Phaseolus vulgaris, PvNAP (AAK84884); Populus euphratica, PeNAC034 (XP_011003434), PeNAC036 (XP_011029436), and PeNAC045 (XP_011022862); Solanum lycopersicum, SINAC1 (ACG50002), SlNAC4 (AGH20612); Solanum tuberosum, StNAC (CAC42087); Tamarix hispida, ThNAC13 (AFN55273); Triticum aestivum, TaNAC2 (AAU08786), TaNAC47 (AMQ48929), TaGRAB1 (CAA09371), TaNAC2D (ADE59447); Vitis pseudoreticulata, VpNAC1 (ADC94864); Vitis vinifera, VvNAC1 (XP_002282566); Zea mays, ZmSNAC1 (AEY78612).

2.6. Subcellular Localization of CmNAC60

The full-length coding sequence of CmNAC60 without a stop codon was amplified by PCR with primers CmNAC60-gfp-in-F and CmNAC60-gfp-in-R (Supplementary Table S1), and inserted into the SpeI site of the PYG57 vector under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, to generate the 35S::CmNAP-GFP fusion construct using an In-fusion HD Cloning Kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan). The 35S::CmNAP-GFP fusion protein and the negative control 35S::GFP were separately introduced into Agrobacterium strain GV3101, and infiltrated into tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves via the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The transformed N. benthamiana leaves were grown under normal conditions for three days, followed by staining with 1 μg/mL 4, 6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 30 min. The signals were observed and photographed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (TCS-SP8, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).

2.7. Transcriptional Activation Assay of CmNAC60

To study the transactivation activity of CmNAC60, the full coding sequence (1-292aa), the N-terminal domain (1-161aa), and the C-terminal domain (161-292aa) were separately cloned into the EcoRI site of the pBridge vector by the primers listed in Supplementary Table S1, using an In-fusion HD Cloning Kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan) to fuse with a GAL4 DNA binding domain. Fusion plasmids and the control pBridge vector (negative control) were introduced into the yeast strain AH109 separately, followed by growing yeasts on SD/-Trp, SD/-His, and SD/-His supplemented with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-a-d-galactopyranoside (X-a-Gal) for four days at 30 °C. The transcriptional activation activities were evaluated based on the growth status of different transformants.

2.8. Tissue Specific Expression of CmNAC60

An 1899 bp DNA fragment upstream of the translational initiation codon of the CmNAC60 gene was amplified by PCR with primers CmNAC60-pro-in-F and CmNAC60-pro-in-R (Supplementary Table S1), and cloned into the HindIII and BamHI sites of the pBI121 vector to construct the PCmNAC60:GUS vector. Then, the construct vector was introduced into Agrobacterium strain GV3101, and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 by the floral dip method [41]. The positive transgenic plants were obtained by kanamycin (kan)resistant screening, and further confirmed by PCR. T3 lines were used for further experiments. Seven-day-old plants and different tissues of six-week-old PCmNAC60:GUS transgenic plants were harvest for GUS staining, which was performed as previously described [42]. At least 10 non-senescing and 10 senescing rosette leaves harvested from six-week-old transgenic plants were used for the GUS activity analysis. Different tissues of the PCmNAC60:GUS transgenic plants were imaged with a stereomicroscope (Leica, Germany) or SLR camera (Canon, Japan), followed by bleaching by 75% ethanol.

2.9. Generation of Overexpression Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants

The full-length coding sequence of CmNAC60 was cloned into the kpnI and SalI sites of the pCHF3 vector using an In-fusion HD Cloning Kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan) to generate the 35S::CmNAC60 vector. The sequences of the primers CmNAC60-in-F and CmNAC60-in-R are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Then, the 35S::CmNAC60 vector was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101, followed by transforming into Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 by the floral dip method. The positive transgenic plants were screened by planting on 1/2 MS + 50 μg/mL kan plates, and further confirmed by PCR. T3 lines exhibiting kan resistance were considered to be homozygous and used for further study.

2.10. RNA Isolation, qRT-PCR, and Measurement of Chlorophyll Content

The total RNA from the young leaves of oriental melon and Arabidopsis thaliana was extracted using the Ultrapure RNA Kit (Kangwei Biotech, Beijing, China), and reverse transcription was performed using the PrimeScript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, Shiga, Japan), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The qRT-PCR was performed on an ABI 7500 real-time PCR machine with a reaction mixture volume of 20 μL. The 18SrRNA and AtActin2 genes were used as the internal standards in oriental melon and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. SAG12 and the rubisco small subunit gene (RBSC) were used as the leaf senescence marker genes to indicate the degree of leaf senescence of Arabidopsis thaliana. The following thermal cycle conditions were used: 95 °C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, and 60 °C for 34 s. The relative gene expression levels were determined using the 2-ΔΔCT method. All of the sequences of the primers used in the study are shown in Supplementary Table S1. The qRT-PCR reaction results were obtained from three independent replicates.
The chlorophyll was extracted and quantified as described previously [43].

2.11. Statistical Analysis

Each experiment was repeated independently at least three times. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 17.0 software. The data are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD). For one pairwise comparison, the data were compared using Student’s T-test for statistical analysis. * p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and ** p < 0.01 was considered extremely significant. For multiple pairwise comparisons, the data were compared using a one-way ANOVA test, and differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Sequence Characterization of the CDS and Promoter of CmNAC60

CmNAC60 has a length of 879 bp, and was predicted to encode a 292-amino-acid-protein with a molecular weight of 33.32 kD and a pI of 8.25. Furthermore, it was predicted that the deduced CmNAC60 protein was located in the cell nuclei. The multiple sequence alignment of the deduced protein sequence of CmNAC60 with other reported NAC protein sequences related to leaf senescence from different plant species showed that CmNAC60 contained five conserved subdomains (A to E), as indicated by overline (Figure 1A). A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the deduced amino acid sequences of CmNAC60 and other 53 NACs that have been functionally characterized in different plant species. The phylogenetic tree showed that CmNAC60 and AtNAP are in the same cluster (Figure 1B).
An 1899 bp DNA fragment upstream from the start codon of the CmNAC60 gene was cloned. Then, two sequence alignments between the nucleotide sequences of CmNAC60 promoter isolated from oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) in this study, and the CmNAC60 promoter (named as GeCmNAC60) obtained from the melon genome database were done, and 17 single nucleotides were found to be different between the promoters of CmNAC60 and GeCmNAC60 (Supplementary Figure S1). Furthermore, the putative cis-acting regulatory elements and the locations of these elements in the CmNAC60 promoter were detected using PlantCARE databases. An analysis of the CmNAC60 promoter revealed the presence of one cis-acting regulatory element, essential for the anaerobic induction, and four cis-acting regulatory elements predicted to be responsive to phytohormones, including two ABRE involved in abscisic acid responsiveness, two P-box involved in gibberellin responsiveness, one TCA-element involved in salicylic acid responsiveness, and one TGA-element involved in auxin responsiveness (Supplementary Table S2). The analysis of the AtNAP promoter, which has a length of 1961 bp, revealed the presence of one ARE essential for anaerobic induction, one CAT-box related to meristem expression, one GCN4_motif involved in endosperm expression, and four cis-acting regulatory elements predicted to be responsive to phytohormones, including five ABRE involved in abscisic acid responsiveness, one TGA-element involved in auxin responsiveness, three CGTCA-motifs, and three TGACG-motifs involved in the MeJA-responsiveness (Supplementary Table S3).

3.2. Expression of CmNAC60 in Different Tissues of Oriental Melon

RNAs from different tissues of oriental melon were extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Then, qRT-PCR was performed to illustrate the expression of CmNAC60 in the different tissues of oriental melon. The results revealed that CmNAC60 had relatively high expression levels in young leaves, stems, roots, and tendrils, and was the highest in male flowers, while the low expression levels were found in seeds, cotyledons, and hypocotyls (Figure 2).

3.3. Relative Expression of CmNAC60 during Natural Senescence and Dark Treatment

The phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that CmNAC60 might be related to leaf senescence, so the relative expression levels of CmNAC60 induced by natural senescence and dark treatment were examined. The relative expression level of CmNAC60 in the naturally senescing leaves of oriental melon was higher than in the non-senescing leaves (Figure 3C). After dark treatment for three and six days, the relative expression levels of CmNAC60 in the leaves of oriental melon increased significantly compared with the untreated leaves (Figure 3F). Furthermore, the chlorophyll contents of the melon leaves during natural senescence and dark treatment decreased significantly (Figure 3B,E).

3.4. Subcellular Localization of CmNAC60

The subcellular localization of CmNAC60 was determined to find out whether CmNAC60 function as a transcription factor. The full-length coding sequence of CmNAC60 without a stop codon was fused to the GFP gene sequence in the PYG57 vector. The CmNAC60-GFP fusion construct and the GFP control in the PYG57 vector were transiently expressed in the leaves of N. benthamiana, respectively, followed by observing the subcellular localization of CmNAC60 using a laser scanning confocal microscope. The results showed that GFP was located to the periphery of the cell, likely in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells shown in the figure, while the fluorescence signal of the CmNAC60-GFP fusion protein was observed in the cell nucleus, which was confirmed by staining with DAPI (Figure 4).

3.5. Transactivation Activity Assay

The full-length, the N-terminal, and C-terminal domain coding sequence of CmNAC60 were separately inserted into the pBridge vector, which contains a GAL4 DNA-binding domain, to determine which part of the CmNAC60 protein has the transcriptional activity. These constructs and the empty vector (negative control) were transformed into yeast strain AH109 cells separately. All of the transformed yeast cells grew well on a SD/-Trp medium, which indicated that the constructs had been successfully transformed into AH109 cells (Figure 5B).
The yeast cells harboring the full-length coding sequence and the C-terminus of CmNAC60 grew well on the SD/-His medium, while the yeast cells containing the N-terminus of CmNAC60 or the pBridge empty vector did not grow (Figure 5B). Furthermore, the yeast cells harboring the full-length and C-terminus coding sequence of CmNAC60 on the SD/-His medium supplemented with X-a-Gal displayed a blue color, which indicated the activation of the reporter gene LacZ. Conversely, the yeast cells containing the N-terminus of CmNAC60 or the pBridge empty vector were not in blue color (Figure 5B). These results showed that the C-terminal part of CmNAC60 has transactivation activities.

3.6. Tissue Specific Expression of CmNAC60

To examine the pattern of the CmNAC60 expression, the promoter sequence of CmNAC60 was inserted into the pBI121 vector to construct the PCmNAC60:GUS vector, followed by transferring into Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0. In the seven-day-old seedlings, GUS activity was detected in the root and tip regions of the leaf (Figure 6A). In the six-week-old plants, GUS activity was detected in the pistil and stamen of mature flowers and roots, while no GUS activity was detected in immature flowers (Figure 6B,C). In addition, GUS staining was absent in immature siliques, and lower GUS staining was observed in the junction of the stem and the petiole (Figure 6D,E). Furthermore, a significantly elevated GUS activity was observed in the senescing compared with the non-senescing rosette leaves (Figure 6F–I).

3.7. Overexpression of CmNAC60 in Arabidopsis Accelerates Leaf Senescence

To study the function of CmNAC60 in the leaf senescence, the transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CmNAC60 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter were generated. Ten T3 homozygous transgenic lines were obtained by selection on a medium containing kanamycin, followed by PCR confirmation. Then, two independent homozygous transgenic lines (OE-2 and OE-8 lines) were selected randomly for further study.
After the detached leaves of Arabidopsis were dark-treated for five days, the leaves of the two transgenic lines turned yellow faster than that of the wild type (WT; Figure 7A). In addition, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves of the two transgenic lines decreased significantly compared with the WT (Figure 7B). The relative expression levels of SAG12 in the leaves of the two transgenic lines increased significantly compared with WT, while RBSC decreased markedly (Figure 7C,D). Furthermore, the relative expression levels of CmNAC60 in the leaves of the two transgenic lines were significantly higher than WT. The relative expression level of CmNAC60 in the transgenic lines OE-2 was 2.2 times higher than that of OE-8 (Figure 7E). As a result, OE-2 plants showed a more significant early senescence in both the dark-treated (Figure 7) and naturally senescing leaves than the OE-8 plants (Figure 8).
After five-weeks of growth in a growth chamber, the leaves of the two transgenic lines turned yellow faster than the WT (Figure 8A). Then, the detached leaves of the two transgenic lines and WT were divided into four groups (G1–G4; Figure 8B). In the G1 and G2 groups, the chlorophyll contents and relative expression levels of RBSC in the transgenic lines were significantly lower than the WT (Figure 8C,D), while the relative expression levels of SAG12 were higher than the WT (Figure 8E). SAG12 was used as a leaf senescence marker gene to indicate the degree of leaf senescence of Arabidopsis thaliana. The relative expression of the SAG12 in the dark treatment and natural senescence leaves of the two transgenic lines were higher than the WT, supporting the early senescence phenotypes caused by CmNAC60 overexpression.

4. Discussion

4.1. CmNAC60 Is Functionally Related to Leaf Senescence

The NAC TFs are one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families. Recently, several NAC proteins from different plant species were identified and shown to play different roles in plant growth and development. However, little is known about the functions of the NAC family members in oriental melon. In a previous study, 82 melon NAC genes were identified by a genome-wide investigation, and CmNAC60 was clustered into one group with ANAC029 (AtNAP) in the phylogenetic tree [39].
In this study, the cDNA sequence of CmNAC60 was obtained from the melon genome database. Multiple sequence alignments of CmNAC60 with other reported NACs that regulate leaf senescence showed that CmNAC60 contained five conserved subdomains. Then, a phylogenetic tree was constructed with the deduced protein sequences of CmNAC60 and 53 other NACs, which were functionally characterized in different plant species, and showed that CmNAC60 and AtNAP were in the same cluster (Figure 1). The results above implied that CmNAC60 may be a NAC functionally related to leaf senescence in oriental melon.
To further evaluate whether CmNAC60 was related to leaf senescence, the relative expression levels of CmNAC60 during natural senescence and dark treatment were examined in oriental melon. The relative expression level of CmNAC60 in natural senescing leaves was increased significantly compared with the non-senescing leaves. Similarly, the relative expression level of CmNAC60 in the leaves of oriental melon was enhanced by dark treatment (Figure 3). The results above implied that CmNAC60 may play a role in the leaf senescence of oriental melon.

4.2. The CmNAC60 Promoter May Contain Cis-Acting Regulatory Element Involved in Leaf Senescence

Plant hormones play important regulatory roles in plant senescence [44]. Abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) play positive roles in leaf senescence, while the functions of auxin and gibberellins (GA) on leaf senescence are not clear [1,44,45]. The promoter of CmNAC60 includes cis-acting regulatory elements involved in ABA, SA, auxin, and GA responsiveness, while the promoter of AtNAP includes cis-acting regulatory elements involved in ABA, auxin, and JA responsiveness. Genes may be involved in leaf senescence via participating hormonal pathways. The promoters of CmNAC60 and AtNAP both contain ABRE, which is involved in abscisic acid responsiveness. AtNAP, GhNAP, and OsNAP regulate leaf senescence through the ABA pathway [34,36,46]. CmNAC60 may participate in the ABA signaling pathway in regulating leaf senescence.
To investigate the tissue specific expression of CmNAC60, the promoter of CmNAC60 was cloned, and the PCmNAC60:GUS vector was constructed, followed by transferring into Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0. In seven-day-old seedlings, the GUS activity was mainly observed in the tip of the leaves, which represented the oldest, but not yet senescent leaf regions [47]. After the GUS staining of leaves from six-week-old plants, the GUS activity was mainly detected in the senescent parts of the partially senescent leaves, while no GUS activity was detected in the non-senescing leaves (Figure 6). These results above suggested that the cis-acting regulatory elements involved in leaf senescence may be present in the promoter of CmNAC60.

4.3. Relative Expression Difference of CmNAC60 between the Male and Female Flowers of Oriental Melon

The result of the qRT-PCR revealed that the relative expression level of CmNAC60 was the highest in the male flowers of oriental melon, but was not high in female flowers (Figure 2). The fact that the female flower contains a big ovary might be the cause of the relative expression difference of CmNAC60 between the male and female flowers. Furthermore, CmNAC60 may have other biological roles besides leaf senescence and silencing, which could affect flower development, which is important for yield.
The tissue specific expression analysis of CmNAC60 in Arabidopsis thaliana showed that GUS activity was detected in the pistil and stamen, but not in other parts of mature flowers (Figure 6). The result above showed that CmNAC60 may have a high expression in the pistils and stamens of flowers in oriental melon. The parts of the male and female flowers of oriental melon need to be dissected in order to evaluate the relative expression of CmNAC60 in these tissues.

4.4. CmNAC60 Is a Member of the Melon NAC Transcription Factors

Most transcription factors are localized in the cell nuclei and have transactivation activities. In this study, it was demonstrated that the CmNAC60 protein was localized in the cell nucleus (Figure 4), and the C-terminal domain of CmNAC60 had high transactivation activities in yeast (Figure 5). These results suggest that CmNAC60 is a nucleus-localized NAC transcription factor with a C-terminal transactivation domain

4.5. CmNAC60 Overexpression Can Accelerate Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

To further determine the function of CmNAC60 in the leaf senescence, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CmNAC60 were generated. After dark treatment for five days, the detached leaves of two transgenic lines turned yellow faster than WT. Furthermore, the CmNAC60 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed precocious senescence compared with WT after five-weeks of growth under normal conditions. The overexpression line OE-2 had a higher CmNAC60 expression than OE-8, resulting in more significant early senescence phenotypes of OE-2 in both dark-induced senescence (Figure 7) and nature senescence (Figure 8). The correlation between the level of CmNAC60 expression and the early senescence phenotypes supported the role of CmNAC60 in promoting leaf senescence in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
Other than early senescence, we did not observe any other abnormity in the development of the CmNAC60 overexpressing lines. We did observe the early maturation of Arabidopsis siliques in the overexpression line, which is similar to AtNAP [27]. The relative expression level of CmNAC60 was the highest in the male flowers of oriental melon, and the GUS activity was detected in the pistil and stamen of mature flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana, but no obvious difference in the flowers of the transgenic lines overexpressing CmNAC60 and WT was observed.
Although the overexpression of CmNAC60 in Arabidopsis led to accelerated leaf senescence in the study, more experiments are needed in order to determine the function of CmNAC60 in oriental melon.

5. Conclusions

In the study, we identified CmNAC60 as a potential leaf senescence regulator in oriental melon. The expression of CmNAC60 was significantly higher in the senescing leaves than in the non-senescing leaves. In addition, CmNAC60 was found to be a nucleus-localized NAC transcription factor with a C-terminal transactivation domain. The CmNAC60 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed precocious senescence compared with the WT. Collectively, our results showed that CmNAC60 was associated with leaf senescence and could be a candidate gene for improving the melon yield or extending the postharvest shelf life by delaying leaf senescence in molecular breeding.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/8/584/s1, Figure S1: Alignment of the nucleotide sequences of CmNAC60 isolated from oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) and GeCmNAC60 from the melon genome database, Table S1: Primer sequences used in the study, Table S2: Putative cis-acting regulatory elements identified in the CmNAC60 promoter, Table S3: Putative cis-acting regulatory elements identified in the AtNAP promoter.

Author Contributions

Formal analysis, X.L.; Funding acquisition, Y.G.; Investigation, S.C. and Z.Z.; Resources, C.W.; Supervision, Y.G.; Validation, C.G.; Visualization, L.Y.; Writing—original draft, S.C.; Writing—review and editing, Y.G. All authors read and approved this final manuscript.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-TRIC02) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M622303).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Guo laboratory members at the Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), for their discussion and critical reading of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Lim, P.O.; Kim, H.J.; Gil Nam, H. Leaf Senescence. Annu. Rev. Plant Boil. 2007, 58, 115–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Wu, X.-Y.; Kuai, B.-K.; Jia, J.-Z.; Jing, H.-C. Regulation of Leaf Senescence and Crop Genetic Improvement. J. Integr. Plant Boil. 2012, 54, 936–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Guo, Y. Towards systems biological understanding of leaf senescence. Plant Mol. Biol. 2013, 82, 519–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Ali, A.; Gao, X.; Guo, Y. Initiation, Progression, and Genetic Manipulation of Leaf Senescence. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1744, 9–31. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  5. Breeze, E.; Harrison, E.; McHattie, S.; Hughes, L.; Hickman, R.; Hill, C.; Kiddle, S.; Kim, Y.-S.; Penfold, C.A.; Jenkins, D.; et al. High-Resolution Temporal Profiling of Transcripts during Arabidopsis Leaf Senescence Reveals a Distinct Chronology of Processes and Regulation. Plant Cell 2011, 23, 873–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Riechmann, J.L.; Heard, J.; Martin, G.; Reuber, L.; Jiang, C.-Z.; Keddie, J.; Adam, L.; Pineda, O.; Ratcliffe, O.J.; Samaha, R.R.; et al. Arabidopsis Transcription Factors: Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis Among Eukaryotes. Science 2000, 290, 2105–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Buchanan-Wollaston, V.; Page, T.; Harrison, E.; Breeze, E.; Lim, P.O.; Gil Nam, H.; Lin, J.-F.; Wu, S.-H.; Swidzinski, J.; Ishizaki, K.; et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals significant differences in gene expression and signalling pathways between developmental and dark/starvation-induced senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2005, 42, 567–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Guo, Y.; Gan, S.S. Convergence and divergence in gene expression profiles induced by leaf senescence and 27 senescence-promoting hormonal, pathological and environmental stress treatments. Plant Cell Environ. 2012, 35, 644–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Balazadeh, S.; Riaño-Pachón, D.M.; Mueller-Roeber, B. Transcription factors regulating leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Boil. 2008, 10, 63–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Souer, E.; Van Houwelingen, A.; Kloos, D.; Mol, J.; Koes, R. The No Apical Meristem Gene of Petunia Is Required for Pattern Formation in Embryos and Flowers and Is Expressed at Meristem and Primordia Boundaries. Cell 1996, 85, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Aida, M.; Ishida, T.; Fukaki, H.; Fujisawa, H.; Tasaka, M. Genes involved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: An analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. Plant Cell 1997, 9, 841–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Olsen, A.N.; Ernst, H.A.; Leggio, L.L.; Skriver, K. NAC transcription factors: Structurally distinct, functionally diverse. Trends Plant Sci. 2005, 10, 79–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Nakashima, K.; Takasaki, H.; Mizoi, J.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. NAC transcription factors in plant abiotic stress responses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Bioenerg. 2012, 1819, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ooka, H.; Satoh, K.; Doi, K.; Nagata, T.; Otomo, Y.; Murakami, K.; Matsubara, K.; Osato, N.; Kawai, J.; Carninci, P.; et al. Comprehensive Analysis of NAC Family Genes in Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. DNA Res. 2003, 10, 239–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Hu, R.; Qi, G.; Kong, Y.; Kong, D.; Gao, Q.; Zhou, G. Comprehensive Analysis of NAC Domain Transcription Factor Gene Family in Populus trichocarpa. BMC Plant Boil. 2010, 10, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Le, D.T.; Nishiyama, R.; Watanabe, Y.; Mochida, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K.; Tran, L.-S.P. Genome-Wide Survey and Expression Analysis of the Plant-Specific NAC Transcription Factor Family in Soybean During Development and Dehydration Stress. DNA Res. 2011, 18, 263–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Wang, N.; Zheng, Y.; Xin, H.; Fang, L.; Li, S. Comprehensive analysis of NAC domain transcription factor gene family in Vitis vinifera. Plant Cell Rep. 2013, 32, 61–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Su, H.; Zhang, S.; Yuan, X.; Chen, C.; Wang, X.-F.; Hao, Y.-J. Genome-wide analysis and identification of stress-responsive genes of the NAM-ATAF1,2-CUC2 transcription factor family in apple. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2013, 71, 11–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Singh, A.K.; Sharma, V.; Pal, A.K.; Acharya, V.; Ahuja, P.S. Genome-Wide Organization and Expression Profiling of the NAC Transcription Factor Family in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). DNA Res. 2013, 20, 403–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Zhang, X.M.; Yu, H.J.; Sun, C.; Deng, J.; Zhang, X.; Liu, P.; Li, Y.Y.; Li, Q.; Jiang, W.J. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of the NAC genes under abiotic stresses in Cucumis sativus. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2017, 113, 98–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kim, Y.-S.; Kim, S.-G.; Park, J.-E.; Park, H.-Y.; Lim, M.-H.; Chua, N.-H.; Park, C.-M. A Membrane-Bound NAC Transcription Factor Regulates Cell Division in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2006, 18, 3132–3144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kim, J.H.; Woo, H.R.; Kim, J.; Lim, P.O.; Lee, I.C.; Choi, S.H.; Hwang, D.; Nam, H.G. Trifurcate Feed-Forward Regulation of Age-Dependent Cell Death Involving miR164 in Arabidopsis. Science 2009, 323, 1053–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zhong, R.; Lee, C.; Ye, Z.H. Functional characterization of poplar wood-associated NAC domain transcription factors. Plant Physiol. 2010, 152, 1044–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Zhao, Y.; Sun, J.; Xu, P.; Zhang, R.; Li, L. Intron-Mediated Alternative Splicing of WOOD-ASSOCIATED NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1B Regulates Cell Wall Thickening during Fiber Development in Populus Species. Plant Physiol. 2014, 164, 765–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Vroemen, C.W.; Mordhorst, A.P.; Albrecht, C.; Kwaaitaal, M.A.C.J.; De Vries, S.C. The CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON3 Gene Is Required for Boundary and Shoot Meristem Formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2003, 15, 1563–1577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Hao, Y.-J.; Wei, W.; Song, Q.-X.; Chen, H.-W.; Zhang, Y.-Q.; Wang, F.; Zou, H.-F.; Lei, G.; Tian, A.-G.; Zhang, W.-K.; et al. Soybean NAC transcription factors promote abiotic stress tolerance and lateral root formation in transgenic plants. Plant J. 2011, 68, 302–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Kou, X.; Watkins, C.B.; Gan, S.-S. Arabidopsis AtNAP regulates fruit senescence. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63, 6139–6147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Guo, Y.; Gan, S. AtNAP, a NAC family transcription factor, has an important role in leaf senescence. Plant J. 2006, 46, 601–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Balazadeh, S.; Kwasniewski, M.; Caldana, C.; Mehrnia, M.; Zanor, M.I.; Xue, G.-P.; Mueller-Roeber, B. ORS1, an H2O2-Responsive NAC Transcription Factor, Controls Senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Plant 2011, 4, 346–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Takasaki, H.; Maruyama, K.; Takahashi, F.; Fujita, M.; Yoshida, T.; Nakashima, K.; Myouga, F.; Toyooka, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K. SNAC-As, stress-responsive NAC transcription factors, mediate ABA-inducible leaf senescence. Plant J. 2015, 84, 1114–1123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lee, S.; Lee, H.-J.; Huh, S.U.; Paek, K.-H.; Ha, J.-H.; Park, C.-M. The Arabidopsis NAC transcription factor NTL4 participates in a positive feedback loop that induces programmed cell death under heat stress conditions. Plant Sci. 2014, 227, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Shao, H.; Wang, H.; Tang, X. NAC transcription factors in plant multiple abiotic stress responses: Progress and prospects. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Le Hénanff, G.; Profizi, C.; Courteaux, B.; Rabenoelina, F.; Gérard, C.; Clément, C.; Baillieul, F.; Cordelier, S.; Dhondt-Cordelier, S. Grapevine NAC1 transcription factor as a convergent node in developmental processes, abiotic stresses, and necrotrophic/biotrophic pathogen tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64, 4877–4893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Fan, K.; Bibi, N.; Gan, S.; Li, F.; Yuan, S.; Ni, M.; Wang, M.; Shen, H.; Wang, X. A novel NAP member GhNAP is involved in leaf senescence in Gossypium hirsutum. J. Exp. Bot. 2015, 66, 4669–4682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Chen, Y.; Qiu, K.; Kuai, B.; Ding, Y. Identification of an NAP-like transcription factor BeNAC1 regulating leaf senescence in bamboo (Bambusa emeiensis‘Viridiflavus’). Physiol. Plant. 2011, 142, 361–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Liang, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Tang, J.; Hu, B.; Liu, L.; Ou, S.; Wu, H.; Sun, X.; Chu, J.; et al. OsNAP connects abscisic acid and leaf senescence by fine-tuning abscisic acid biosynthesis and directly targeting senescence-associated genes in rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 10013–10018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. El Mannai, Y.; Akabane, K.; Hiratsu, K.; Satoh-Nagasawa, N.; Wabiko, H. The NAC Transcription Factor Gene OsY37 (ONAC011) Promotes Leaf Senescence and Accelerates Heading Time in Rice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Zhu, Z.; Li, G.; Yan, C.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Han, Z.; Li, B. DRL1, Encoding A NAC Transcription Factor, Is Involved in Leaf Senescence in Grapevine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Wei, S.; Gao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Yang, X.; Huang, D. Genome-wide investigation of the NAC transcription factor family in melon (Cucumis melo L.) and their expression analysis under salt stress. Plant Cell Rep. 2016, 35, 1827–1839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Garcia-Mas, J.; Benjak, A.; Sanseverino, W.; Bourgeois, M.; Mir, G.; González, V.M.; Hénaff, E.; Câmara, F.; Cozzuto, L.; Lowy, E.; et al. The genome of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 11872–11877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Clough, S.J.; Bent, A.F. Floral dip: A simplified method forAgrobacterium-mediated transformation ofArabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998, 16, 735–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Jefferson, R.; Kavanagh, T.; Bevan, M. GUS fusions: β-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987, 6, 3901–3907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Zhang, Z.; Guo, Y. Hormone Treatments in Studying Leaf Senescence. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1744, 125–132. [Google Scholar]
  44. Khan, M.; Rozhon, W.; Poppenberger, B. The Role of Hormones in the Aging of Plants—A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2014, 60, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Reinbothe, C.; Springer, A.; Samol, I.; Reinbothe, S. Plant oxylipins: Role of jasmonic acid during programmed cell death, defence and leaf senescence. FEBS J. 2009, 276, 4666–4681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Yang, J.; Worley, E.; Udvardi, M. A NAP-AAO3 Regulatory Module Promotes Chlorophyll Degradation via ABA Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 4862–4874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Balazadeh, S.; Siddiqui, H.; Allu, A.D.; Matallana-Ramirez, L.P.; Caldana, C.; Mehrnia, M.; Zanor, M.-I.; Köhler, B.; Mueller-Roeber, B. A gene regulatory network controlled by the NAC transcription factor ANAC092/AtNAC2/ORE1 during salt-promoted senescence. Plant J. 2010, 62, 250–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Genes 10 00584 g001 550
Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of CmNAC60 with other reported NAC protein sequences from different plant species that were functionally characterized. (A) Multiple sequences alignment of CmNAC60 with NAC protein sequences regulating leaf senescence from different plant species were aligned using the ClustalW2 software, and displayed with the GeneDoc software. Identical amino acids are shaded in black, and similar amino acids are shaded in gray. The locations of the five highly conserved amino acid motifs (A–E) are marked with overlines. (B) The phylogenetic tree was constructed from CmNAC60 with other different NAC proteins using MEGA5.0 with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap support values are indicated on each node. CmNAC60 is labeled with a black rhombus.
Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of CmNAC60 with other reported NAC protein sequences from different plant species that were functionally characterized. (A) Multiple sequences alignment of CmNAC60 with NAC protein sequences regulating leaf senescence from different plant species were aligned using the ClustalW2 software, and displayed with the GeneDoc software. Identical amino acids are shaded in black, and similar amino acids are shaded in gray. The locations of the five highly conserved amino acid motifs (A–E) are marked with overlines. (B) The phylogenetic tree was constructed from CmNAC60 with other different NAC proteins using MEGA5.0 with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap support values are indicated on each node. CmNAC60 is labeled with a black rhombus.
Genes 10 00584 g001
Genes 10 00584 g002 550
Figure 2. Relative expression levels of CmNAC60 in different organs of oriental melon. The numbers represent the following: (1) seeds, (2) cotyledon (3) hypocotyls (4) young leaves, (5) stem (6) root (7) tendril (8) 15 d fruit after pollination, (9) female flower, and (10) male flower. The expression levels are calculated relative to the CmNAC60 expression in the hypocotyls, which was set as 1. The 2−ΔΔCT method was used in the qRT-PCR analysis. Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) from three biological replicates. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 2. Relative expression levels of CmNAC60 in different organs of oriental melon. The numbers represent the following: (1) seeds, (2) cotyledon (3) hypocotyls (4) young leaves, (5) stem (6) root (7) tendril (8) 15 d fruit after pollination, (9) female flower, and (10) male flower. The expression levels are calculated relative to the CmNAC60 expression in the hypocotyls, which was set as 1. The 2−ΔΔCT method was used in the qRT-PCR analysis. Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) from three biological replicates. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Genes 10 00584 g002
Genes 10 00584 g003 550
Figure 3. Chlorophyll contents and relative expression levels of CmNAC60 in oriental melon leaves during natural senescence and dark treatment. (A) Oriental melon leaves at non-senescing and naturally senescing stages. NS—a fully expanded and non-senescent leaf; LS—a late senescence leaf. Chlorophyll contents (B) and relative expression levels of CmNAC60 (C) at two stages of natural senescence. (D) The detached leaves of oriental melon treated in the dark for zero, three, and six days. Chlorophyll contents (E) and relative expression levels of CmNAC60 (F) at different dark treatment times. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. The experiments were independently repeated three times with 12 leaves each time. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared with NS (** p < 0.01). Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 3. Chlorophyll contents and relative expression levels of CmNAC60 in oriental melon leaves during natural senescence and dark treatment. (A) Oriental melon leaves at non-senescing and naturally senescing stages. NS—a fully expanded and non-senescent leaf; LS—a late senescence leaf. Chlorophyll contents (B) and relative expression levels of CmNAC60 (C) at two stages of natural senescence. (D) The detached leaves of oriental melon treated in the dark for zero, three, and six days. Chlorophyll contents (E) and relative expression levels of CmNAC60 (F) at different dark treatment times. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. The experiments were independently repeated three times with 12 leaves each time. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared with NS (** p < 0.01). Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Genes 10 00584 g003
Genes 10 00584 g004 550
Figure 4. Subcellular localization analysis of CmNAC60 by transient expression in tobacco leaves. Tobacco leaves were infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the GFP and CmNAC60-GFP fusion constructs, driven by the CaMV35S promoter and detected using a confocal microscope. DAPI staining indicates the position of nucleus. Merge is the overlay images of the GFP fluorescence, DAPI staining, and bright field. The scale bar represents 50 μm.
Figure 4. Subcellular localization analysis of CmNAC60 by transient expression in tobacco leaves. Tobacco leaves were infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the GFP and CmNAC60-GFP fusion constructs, driven by the CaMV35S promoter and detected using a confocal microscope. DAPI staining indicates the position of nucleus. Merge is the overlay images of the GFP fluorescence, DAPI staining, and bright field. The scale bar represents 50 μm.
Genes 10 00584 g004
Genes 10 00584 g005 550
Figure 5. Transactivation activity assay of CmNAC60 in yeast cells. (A) Diagram showing that full-length protein (CmNAC60-FL), N-terminal fragment (CmNAC60-N), and C-terminal fragment (CmNAC60-C) of CmNAC60 were fused with a GAL4 DNA binding domain. The pBridge vector was used as a negative control. (B) The transformed yeasts were dripped on the SD/-Trp, SD/-His, and SD/-His supplemented with X-α-Gal medium, respectively.
Figure 5. Transactivation activity assay of CmNAC60 in yeast cells. (A) Diagram showing that full-length protein (CmNAC60-FL), N-terminal fragment (CmNAC60-N), and C-terminal fragment (CmNAC60-C) of CmNAC60 were fused with a GAL4 DNA binding domain. The pBridge vector was used as a negative control. (B) The transformed yeasts were dripped on the SD/-Trp, SD/-His, and SD/-His supplemented with X-α-Gal medium, respectively.
Genes 10 00584 g005
Genes 10 00584 g006 550
Figure 6. Tissue specific expression of CmNAC60 in transgenic Arabidopsis. (A) Seven-day-old seedlings. (B) Root, (C) inflorescence, (D) immature silique, and (E) stem of a six-week-old plant. (F,H) Non-senescing and senescing rosette leaves of a six-week-old plant before GUS staining. (G,I) Rosette leaves after GUS staining corresponding to (F,H).
Figure 6. Tissue specific expression of CmNAC60 in transgenic Arabidopsis. (A) Seven-day-old seedlings. (B) Root, (C) inflorescence, (D) immature silique, and (E) stem of a six-week-old plant. (F,H) Non-senescing and senescing rosette leaves of a six-week-old plant before GUS staining. (G,I) Rosette leaves after GUS staining corresponding to (F,H).
Genes 10 00584 g006
Genes 10 00584 g007 550
Figure 7. Precocious senescence phenotypes of the detached leaves from CmNAC60 overexpressing plants after dark-treated for five days. (A) Fully expanded rosette leaves of the six-week-old Arabidopsis plants were excised and dark-treated for five days. Pictures were taken at zero and five days after dark treatment. (B–E) Chlorophyll content (B), relative expression levels of RBSC (C), SAG12 (D), and CmNAC60 (E) in the detached leaves after being dark-treated for five days. The experiments were independently repeated three times, and 12 leaves were used for each replicate. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 7. Precocious senescence phenotypes of the detached leaves from CmNAC60 overexpressing plants after dark-treated for five days. (A) Fully expanded rosette leaves of the six-week-old Arabidopsis plants were excised and dark-treated for five days. Pictures were taken at zero and five days after dark treatment. (B–E) Chlorophyll content (B), relative expression levels of RBSC (C), SAG12 (D), and CmNAC60 (E) in the detached leaves after being dark-treated for five days. The experiments were independently repeated three times, and 12 leaves were used for each replicate. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Genes 10 00584 g007
Genes 10 00584 g008 550
Figure 8. Natural senescence phenotypes of CmNAC60 overexpressing lines. (A,B) Phenotypes of CmNAC60 overexpressing lines OE-2, OE-8, and wild type (WT) under a normal environment after five weeks of growth. (G1–G4) The detached leaves were divided into four groups according to the senescence status. (C–E) Chlorophyll contents (C), the relative expression levels of RBSC (D), and SAG12 (E) in the four groups of detached leaves corresponding to (B). The experiments were independently repeated three times, and 12 plants were used each time. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 8. Natural senescence phenotypes of CmNAC60 overexpressing lines. (A,B) Phenotypes of CmNAC60 overexpressing lines OE-2, OE-8, and wild type (WT) under a normal environment after five weeks of growth. (G1–G4) The detached leaves were divided into four groups according to the senescence status. (C–E) Chlorophyll contents (C), the relative expression levels of RBSC (D), and SAG12 (E) in the four groups of detached leaves corresponding to (B). The experiments were independently repeated three times, and 12 plants were used each time. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Genes 10 00584 g008

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cao, S.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, C.; Li, X.; Guo, C.; Yang, L.; Guo, Y. Identification of a Novel Melon Transcription Factor CmNAC60 as a Potential Regulator of Leaf Senescence. Genes 2019, 10, 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10080584

AMA Style

Cao S, Zhang Z, Wang C, Li X, Guo C, Yang L, Guo Y. Identification of a Novel Melon Transcription Factor CmNAC60 as a Potential Regulator of Leaf Senescence. Genes. 2019; 10(8):584. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10080584

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Songxiao, Zhenbiao Zhang, Chenghui Wang, Xiaoxu Li, Cun Guo, Liyu Yang, and Yongfeng Guo. 2019. "Identification of a Novel Melon Transcription Factor CmNAC60 as a Potential Regulator of Leaf Senescence" Genes 10, no. 8: 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10080584

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop