Evaluating Serum Heat Shock Protein Levels as Novel Biomarkers for Atrial Fibrillation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Popultion
2.2. HSP Measurement in Serum Samples
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Baseline HSP Levels Related to Clinical Stage of AF
3.3. Relation between Baseline HSP Levels and AF Recurrence
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis Non-Random Dropout
4. Discussion
4.1. Heat Shock Proteins Are Not Biomarkers to Differentiate the Stage of Atrial Fibrillation
4.2. Limitations and Future Directions: HSP in Relation to Degree of Electropathology
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | PAF | PeAF | LSPeAF | All AF Patients | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 98 (33) | 86 (29) | 108 (36.4) | 5 (1.7) | 199 (67) |
Group, n (%) | |||||
Control | 98 (100) | - | - | - | - |
Electro cardioversion (ECV) | - | 12 (14) | 83 (76.9) | 3 (60) | 98 (49) |
Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) | - | 74 (86) | 25 (23.1) | 2 (40) | 101 (51) |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.2 ± 15.3 | 61.3 ± 9.5 *** | 60.8 ± 10.6 *** | 57.5 ± 9 | 60.9 ± 10.1 *** |
Gender, male, n (%) | 51 (52) | 64 (74.4) ** | 81 (75) ** | 4 (80) | 149 (74.9) *** |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 27.2 ± 3.8 * | 28.8 ± 5.4 *** | 30.4 ± 7.4 | 28.2 ± 4.9 *** |
Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 23 (23.5) | 43 (50) *** | 51 (47.2) ** | 3 (60) | 97 (48.7) *** |
Diabetes mellitus, yes, n (%) | 5 (5.1) | 10 (11.6) | 15 (13.9) | 1 (20) | 26 (13.1) * |
Dyslipidemia, yes, n (%) | 16 (16.3) | 25 (29.1) | 33 (30.6) | 3 (60) | 61 (30.7) ** |
Thyroid disease, yes, n (%) | 2 (2) | 4 (4.7) | 8 (7.4) | 1 (20) | 13 (6.5) |
Left ventricular function (LVF), n (%) | */### | ||||
Normal | 61 (79.2) | 73 (84.9) | 60 (58.3) | 3 (60) | 136 (70.1) |
Mild impairment | 10 (13) | 9 (10.5) | 29 (28.2) | 2 (40) | 40 (20.6) |
Moderate impairment | 3 (3.9) | 3 (3.5) | 10 (9.7) | 0 (0) | 13 (6.7) |
Severe impairment | 3 (3.9) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.9) |
Missing † | 21 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Left atrial volume index (mL/m2),median [IQR] | 27.9 [21.2–39.7] | 38.6 [29.3–48.4] * | 47 [35.7–60.5] **/## | 43.1 [25.9–73.6] | 41.1 [31.8–54] ** |
Drugs, yes, n (%) | |||||
Drugs total | 52 (53.6) | 84 (97.7) *** | 104 (96.3) *** | 5 (100) | 193 (97) *** |
ACE. ARB. AT2 antagonist | 26 (26.8) | 40 (46.5) * | 48 (44.9) * | 3 (60) | 91 (46) ** |
Statin | 17 (17.5) | 32 (37.2) * | 37 (34.3) * | 4 (80) * | 73 (36.7) *** |
Antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) total ‡ | 43 (44.3) | 79 (91.9) *** | 103 (95.4) *** | 5 (100) | 187 (94) *** |
Class I AAD | 5 (5.2) | 31 (36.0) *** | 14 (13) ### | 1 (20) | 46 (23.1) *** |
Class II AAD | 31 (32) | 36 (41.9) | 55 (50.9) * | 1 (20) | 92 (46.2) * |
Class III AAD | 6 (6.2) | 42 (48.8) | 55 (50.9) | 2 (40) | 99 (49.7) *** |
Class IV AAD | 3 (3.1) | 4 (4.7) | 7 (6.5) | 5 (100) | 11 (5.5) |
Digoxin | 0 (0) | 6 (7) * | 18 (16.7) *** | 1 (20) | 25 (12.6) *** |
Patients | Samples | HSP27 | HSP70 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AF | AF-Free | AF | AF-Free | HR | 95%CI LL | 95%CI UL | p-Value | HR | 95%CI LL | 95%CI UL | p-Value | |
All events | 59 | 41 | 114 | 99 | 1.32 | 1.71 | 1.54 | <0.001 | model does not converge | |||
Complete until 3 m | 21 | 54 | 42 | 129 | 1.31 | 0.84 | 2.89 | 0.258 | 0.97 | 0.56 | 1.5 | 0.969 |
Complete until 6 m | 29 | 36 | 63 | 99 | 2.03 | 1.17 | 3.7 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.54 | 1.97 | 0.926 |
Complete until 12 m | 31 | 13 | 70 | 34 | model does not converge | model does not converge |
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Marion, D.M.S.v.; Lanters, E.A.H.; Ramos, K.S.; Li, J.; Wiersma, M.; Baks-te Bulte, L.; J. Q. M. Muskens, A.; Boersma, E.; de Groot, N.M.S.; Brundel, B.J.J.M. Evaluating Serum Heat Shock Protein Levels as Novel Biomarkers for Atrial Fibrillation. Cells 2020, 9, 2105. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092105
Marion DMSv, Lanters EAH, Ramos KS, Li J, Wiersma M, Baks-te Bulte L, J. Q. M. Muskens A, Boersma E, de Groot NMS, Brundel BJJM. Evaluating Serum Heat Shock Protein Levels as Novel Biomarkers for Atrial Fibrillation. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2105. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092105
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarion, Denise M. S. van, Eva A. H. Lanters, Kennedy S. Ramos, Jin Li, Marit Wiersma, Luciënne Baks-te Bulte, Agnes J. Q. M. Muskens, Eric Boersma, Natasja M. S. de Groot, and Bianca J. J. M. Brundel. 2020. "Evaluating Serum Heat Shock Protein Levels as Novel Biomarkers for Atrial Fibrillation" Cells 9, no. 9: 2105. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092105