Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Contribution of TGM3 and Other TGMs to Skin Morphogenesis
2.1. Epidermal Cornification
2.2. Hair Keratinization
2.3. TGM3 Affinity to Substrates and Suggested Functional Compensation by Other TGMs
2.4. Mouse Models for Studying the Role of TGM3 in Skin Morphogenesis
3. Contribution of TGM3 to Pathology
3.1. Structural Role of TGM3 in Disease: Uncombable Hair Syndrome
3.2. Functional Role of TGM3 in Disease: TGM3 as a Tumor Marker
3.3. The Role of TGM3 in Development of Dermatitis Herpetiformis, Atopic Dermatitis and Oral Lichen Planus
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TGM | Transglutaminase |
KIFs | Keratin intermidiate filaments |
ORS | Outer root sheath |
IRS | Inner root sheath |
CCE | Cornified cell envelope |
UHS | Uncombable hair syndrome |
EMT | Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
BCC | Basal cell carcinoma |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
DH | Dermatitis herpetiformis |
AD | Atopic dermatitis |
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Type of TGM | Synonyms | Function | Human Skin Diseases | Knockout Mouse Models | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TGM1 | Keratinocyte TGM | Cornified cell envelope (CCE) formation, wound healing | Ichthyosis (lamellar ichthyosis, non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma) | Defective stratum corneum and early neonatal death | [16,37,38,39,40,41] |
TGM2 | Tissue TGM | Apoptosis, wound healing, angiogenesis, matrix stabilization, cell differentiation | Associated with various human disorders, including inflammation, cancer, and fibrosis, a mediator of the epidermal inflammatory response to UV irradiation | TGM2 null mice appear normal; upon UV exposure, display decreased skin inflammation compared to that of wild-type mice; Tgm2−/− fibroblasts demonstrate impaired adhesion in culture | [17,18,19,20,21,22] |
TGM3 | Epidermal TGM | CCE formation, hair fiber stabilization | Uncombable hair syndrome, dermatitis herpetiformis | Impaired hair development | [42,43,44] |
TGM5 | TGM X | Epidermal differentiation, CCE formation | Skin peeling syndrome, also involved in the hyperkeratosis in ichthyosis and psoriasis patients | No skin defects | [12,45] |
TGM6 | TGM Y | Late stage CCE formation in the epidermis and the hair follicle | No skin defects | No skin defects | [12] |
Type of Transglutaminase | Epidermis | Hair Follicle | References |
---|---|---|---|
TGM1 | Granular layer | Three layers of IRS. The innermost layer of ORS in the distal part (close to isthmus) of ORS | [27,62] |
TGM2 | Basal layer | Hair germ and IRS of the bulbous hair peg | [19,79] |
TGM3 | Upper granular layers | Cortex, medulla, cuticle, IRS, companion layer | [23,27,69] |
TGM5 | A gradient of concentration from the basal layer to the stratum corneum | All three IRS layers, and residual quantities in the hair cuticle and the hair shaft, outer bulge, hair germ | [23,27,69] |
Name of Cancer | Type of Epithelium | Type of Regulation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Oral carcinoma | Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium | Downregulation | [34,112,113,114] |
Laryngeal carcinoma | Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium | Downregulation | [115] |
Esophageal carcinoma | Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium | Downregulation | [109,116] |
Colorectal carcinoma | Simple columnar epithelium | Downregulation | [36] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Simple cuboidal epithelium | Upregulation | [117] |
Basal cell carcinoma (skin cancer) | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Upregulation | [118] |
Squamous cell carcinoma (skin cancer) | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Downregulation | [118] |
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Chermnykh, E.S.; Alpeeva, E.V.; Vorotelyak, E.A. Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer. Cells 2020, 9, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091996
Chermnykh ES, Alpeeva EV, Vorotelyak EA. Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer. Cells. 2020; 9(9):1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091996
Chicago/Turabian StyleChermnykh, Elina S., Elena V. Alpeeva, and Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak. 2020. "Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer" Cells 9, no. 9: 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091996