Cytokines and Chemokines in Cancer Cachexia and Its Long-Term Impact on COVID-19
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Local and Systemic Cytokines Associated with Cachexia
2.1. Chemokines in Cachexia
2.2. Cytokines in Cachexia
2.2.1. Interleukins
2.2.2. Tumor Necrosis Factors
2.2.3. Transforming Growth Factor
2.3. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Induced Cytokine Storm in Muscle Wasting and Their Clinical Management
3. Clinical Management of Cancer Cachexia
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SARS-CoV-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome- corona virus-2 |
SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
ACE2 | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
IL | interleukins |
IF | interferons |
TNF | tumor necrosis factors |
TGF | transforming growth factors |
CSF | colony-stimulating factors |
LPL | lipoprotein lipase |
ATGL | adipocyte triglyceride lipase |
CRP | C- reactive protein |
ICU | intensive care unit |
CIF | cachexia- inducing factors |
CRC | colorectal cancer |
TAMs | tumor-associated macrophages |
MCP1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 |
ACTRIIB | activin receptor type IIB |
NFB | nuclear factor B |
CHO | Chinese hamster ovary |
CRH | corticotrophin-releasing hormone |
TNFR1 | TNF-α-receptor protein type I |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
RyR | ryanodine receptor5 |
LSMM | low skeletal muscle mass |
SMM | skeletal muscle mass |
CT | computed tomography |
MERS | middle east respiratory syndrome |
Th1 | T helper 1 |
ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
NSCLC | non-small cell lung carcinoma |
MIC1 | macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 |
SNP | single-nucleotide polymorphisms |
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Patients | Intervention | Status | Identifier Numbers | Initiation Date | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cachectic or non- cahectic Egyptian patients with lung, pancreas, or colon cancer | Pharmacogenetic testing for TNF-α | Unknown | NCT04131478 | October 2019 | TNF-α -1031T/C and 308 G/A as a cachexia risk factor and SOCS1, TAB2, and FOXP3 biochemical markers |
Pancreatic cancer | Xilonix (IL-α antagonist) + Onivyde and 5-FU Drug | I | NCT03207724 | July 2017 | Increased LBM, WS, QOL |
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Anamorelin HCl | III | NCT01395914 | July 2011 | Improved BW and symptom burden |
Cachexia and anorexia in patients with advanced cancer | Etanercept (TNF-α inhibitor) | III | NCT00046904 | January 2003 | No inhibition of cancer anorexia/weight loss syndrome [115] |
Pancreatic cancer | Infliximab (TNF-α inhibitor) + Gemcitabine | II | NCT00060502 | May 2003 | No difference in LBM |
Lung or Pancrease | BYM338 (mAb against activin receptor type2B) | II | NCT01433263 | August 2011 | Increased thigh muscle volume |
Non-small cell lung cancer | GTx-024 (Enobosarm) | III | NCT01355484 | May 2011 | Improvement in LBM |
Non-small cell lung cancer | ALD518 (anti-I-L6 mAb) | II | NCT00866970 | March 2009 | Raised Hb, improved cachexia [121] |
Pancreatic cancer | LY2495655 (anti-myostatin- mAb) | II | NCT01505530 | February 2012 | PFS, OS [119] |
Colorectal cancer | MABp1 (IL-1α inhibitor) | III | NCT02138422 | May 2014 | Increased LBM, less pain, fatigue, or anorexia [122] |
Advanced cancer | OHR/AVR118 (immunomodulator that targets TNF-α and IL-6) | II | NCT01206335 | September 2010 | Improved WG, decreased fatigue, improved appetite, and strength |
Advanced cancer | Cannabis capsules | I | NCT02359123 | February 2015 | Decreased TNF-α level, stable weight, the weight increase of ≥10%, improved appetite, reduced pain and fatigue |
Advanced tumors | Thalidomide (anti-TNF-α) | II | NCT00027638 | January 2003 | Attenuates loss of weight and LBM [123] |
Skeletal muscle wasting in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients | Muscle Biopsy | Completed | NCT04698798 | January 2021 | Myalgia, elevated C-reactive protein, and cytokine |
Respiratory muscle strength in volleyball players suffered from COVID-19 | Respiratory function | Completed | NCT04789512 | March 2021 | COVID-19 players had considerably lower percent maximum inspiratory pressure and measured maximal expiratory pressure values than non-COVID-19 players. [124] |
Relaxation exercise in patients with COVID-19 | Relaxation technique | Completed | NCT04998708 | August 2021 | Positive effects on immune functions, progressive muscle relaxation |
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Singh, S.K.; Singh, R. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cancer Cachexia and Its Long-Term Impact on COVID-19. Cells 2022, 11, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030579
Singh SK, Singh R. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cancer Cachexia and Its Long-Term Impact on COVID-19. Cells. 2022; 11(3):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030579
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Santosh Kumar, and Rajesh Singh. 2022. "Cytokines and Chemokines in Cancer Cachexia and Its Long-Term Impact on COVID-19" Cells 11, no. 3: 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030579
APA StyleSingh, S. K., & Singh, R. (2022). Cytokines and Chemokines in Cancer Cachexia and Its Long-Term Impact on COVID-19. Cells, 11(3), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030579