Making Sense of Quorum Sensing at the Intestinal Mucosal Interface
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Bacterial QS Signals
Bacteria | Positive for Host | Negative for Host | |
---|---|---|---|
Toxins, antibiotics | Kill superfluous bacteria with limited viability. | Antimicrobials can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria (novel antibiotics) [20,21]. | Toxins cause severe disease through damaging the intestinal epithelium, activating immune cells and neurons (pain) [22]. |
Proteases | Increase nutrient availability. | Modulate nutrient pool in the gut through protein degradation for metabolisation/fermentation by bacteria and absorption by the host. | Degrade host mucins and immunoglobulins decreasing host defences [23]. |
Biofilm formation | Allows motility of otherwise immotile bacteria, provides protection, allows GI colonisation. | Enables the growth and presence of beneficial bacteria (‘niche’) [24,25,26]. | Protects from elimination/targeting by immune cells [27]. |
Metabolic adaptation | Switch to metabolic pathways using ready-to-use substrates, metabolic slowing [28,29]. | Depletion of nutrients for the growth of pathogenic bacteria, production of inhibitory metabolites [30]. | Depletion of nutrients for the host and adaptation to mucus degradation [31]. |
1.2. Host Molecular and Cellular Targets of Bacterial QS Signals
2. Factors Influencing QS in the Gastrointestinal Tract
2.1. Environmental Conditions (pH)
2.2. Short Chain Fatty Acids
2.3. Dietary Compounds (Secondary Plant Products)
2.4. Host–Gut Microbial Co-Metabolism (Bile Acids)
2.5. Interkingdom Signalling Molecules
2.6. Immunoglobulins
3. QS at the Mucosal Neuroimmune Interface
3.1. Epithelial Barrier
3.2. Immune Modulation
3.3. Gut Intrinsic and Extrinsic Neural Function
4. QS and Association with Gastrointestinal Disease and Dysfunction
5. Perspective
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Uhlig, F.; Hyland, N.P. Making Sense of Quorum Sensing at the Intestinal Mucosal Interface. Cells 2022, 11, 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11111734
Uhlig F, Hyland NP. Making Sense of Quorum Sensing at the Intestinal Mucosal Interface. Cells. 2022; 11(11):1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11111734
Chicago/Turabian StyleUhlig, Friederike, and Niall P. Hyland. 2022. "Making Sense of Quorum Sensing at the Intestinal Mucosal Interface" Cells 11, no. 11: 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11111734