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Agronomy
Volume 16
Issue 1
10.3390/agronomy16010063
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Review

Effects of Iron Oxide Phase Transformations in Paddy Soils on Organic Carbon Stabilization: A Review

by
Xinyu Gao
1,
Zhuoyi Li
1,
Xinran Liang
1,
Bo Li
1,
Zuran Li
2,
Lei Wang
1,
Yongmei He
1,
Fangdong Zhan
1,
Yuan Li
1,* and
Siteng He
1,*
1
College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
2
College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010063 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 November 2025 / Revised: 22 December 2025 / Accepted: 22 December 2025 / Published: 25 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Iron oxides are crucial for the long-term storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in paddy soils, making them a key factor in global carbon cycles and important for strategies aimed at combating climate change. This review examines the role of iron oxides in paddy soils, particularly their interaction with SOC, which helps stabilize carbon and contributes to mitigating climate change. These processes of iron oxide phase transformations, wet–dry cycles, and microbial activity help trap carbon in the soil, supporting climate change mitigation efforts. Wet–dry cycles promote mineral dissolution and re-precipitation, forming new reactive surfaces and OC-Fe complexes. Future research should adopt a multi-scale approach to better connect molecular mechanisms with ecosystem-level carbon processes. A deeper understanding of iron oxide behavior in paddy soils will support the development of sustainable soil management practices and improve models for predicting soil carbon sequestration under climate change.
Keywords: iron oxides; soil organic carbon; paddy soils iron oxides; soil organic carbon; paddy soils

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gao, X.; Li, Z.; Liang, X.; Li, B.; Li, Z.; Wang, L.; He, Y.; Zhan, F.; Li, Y.; He, S. Effects of Iron Oxide Phase Transformations in Paddy Soils on Organic Carbon Stabilization: A Review. Agronomy 2026, 16, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010063

AMA Style

Gao X, Li Z, Liang X, Li B, Li Z, Wang L, He Y, Zhan F, Li Y, He S. Effects of Iron Oxide Phase Transformations in Paddy Soils on Organic Carbon Stabilization: A Review. Agronomy. 2026; 16(1):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010063

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Xinyu, Zhuoyi Li, Xinran Liang, Bo Li, Zuran Li, Lei Wang, Yongmei He, Fangdong Zhan, Yuan Li, and Siteng He. 2026. "Effects of Iron Oxide Phase Transformations in Paddy Soils on Organic Carbon Stabilization: A Review" Agronomy 16, no. 1: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010063

APA Style

Gao, X., Li, Z., Liang, X., Li, B., Li, Z., Wang, L., He, Y., Zhan, F., Li, Y., & He, S. (2026). Effects of Iron Oxide Phase Transformations in Paddy Soils on Organic Carbon Stabilization: A Review. Agronomy, 16(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010063

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