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Review

The Sustainable Development of Wetlands and Agriculture: A Literature Review

by
Hanqiong He
1,
Xiaoyu Li
2,* and
Tingliang Li
1,*
1
College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
2
Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(3), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030746
Submission received: 24 February 2025 / Revised: 17 March 2025 / Accepted: 18 March 2025 / Published: 20 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Wetland agriculture is an important component of agricultural heritage worldwide and an example of human agricultural civilization. With the progress of society, human beings have an increasing demand for using wetland ecological environments. However, traditional agricultural reclamation has damaged wetland resources, leading to the disappearance of 50% of wetlands worldwide. The sustainable and coordinated development of wetland and agricultural ecosystems is urgently needed. A bibliometric analysis method was used for analyzing wetland agriculture research, based on the Web of Science TM database. There were 2251 documents retrieved when the keywords “wetland agriculture” were searched, and 659 documents were obtained by manually removing non-relevant articles and duplicates to analyze the wetland agriculture research systematically. Based on high-frequency keyword analysis, wetland agriculture has evolved from the agricultural reclamation of wetlands, the return of farmland for wetlands, to the coexistence of wetland and agriculture. Furthermore, the functions of wetland agriculture are summarized and factors impacting its sustainability and healthy development are discussed. Therefore, the scientific use of wetlands based on their ecological services is an effective method for achieving the sustainable development of both ecosystems. Some advances are proposed for the future development of wetland ecological agriculture.

1. Introduction

Wetland ecosystems are considered the world’s most productive ecosystems [1]. They are known as the “cradle of human civilization” because of their resource utilization. There are approximately 12.1 billion hm2 of wetlands worldwide, and they are among the world’s major ecosystems, along with forests and oceans [2]. As an important part of the world’s agricultural heritage, wetland agriculture is a crucial aspect of human agricultural civilization [3] and a major contributor to human livelihoods and poverty reduction [4,5]. Wetland agriculture is developed based on wetland resource utilization, and it may occur in the form of paddy fields, reed ponds, fish ponds, or small reservoirs. However, traditional agricultural reclamation has caused wetland degradation, area atrophy, functional losses, and environmental problems. According to Ramsar Convention reports, global wetland resources have declined by 87% since 1700 [6]. After the application of wetland restoration technology and engineering, wetland areas and functions have improved significantly [7]. For example, there are 53.60 million hm2 of wetlands in China, with their protection rate having increased to 52.19%, according to the second wetland resource survey in China (2009–2013). Restored wetlands can provide a wide range of ecosystem services, such as biodiversity conservation, hydrologic regulation, the provision of products, cultural and recreational benefits, and many others. However, they are still threatened by the expansion of agricultural land, overexploitation of water resources, water pollution, and climate change [8]. Wetland conservation and agricultural development for competing water and land still needs to be balanced [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to categorize the research progress of wetland agriculture, clarify the development process of wetland agriculture, understand the core factors affecting their sustainable development, and provide theoretical support for the construction of the sustainable development of wetland agriculture composite ecosystems coordinated with ecological function and economic value.

2. Data Source and Methods

The literature data were mainly retrieved from the Web of Science TM database by using software CiteSpace (6.1.R6), with “wetland agriculture” as the search topic. A total of 2251 articles were retrieved for the period from 1977 to 2024, and 659 documents were obtained by manually removing non-relevant articles and duplicates. These retrieved documents were analyzed for the number of publications and countries. Keyword co-occurrence analysis, keyword cluster analysis, and keyword time zone map analysis were used to analyze research directions and hotspots.
Keyword co-occurrence analysis show which keywords occur in the same literature at the same time, draw a co-occurrence network map, and show the closeness between the keywords. Keywords are clustered according to their co-occurrence relationship. Each cluster contains a group of keywords with a semantic similarity or high correlation, which can help in understanding the different branches and structures of the research topic. Taking time as the horizontal axis, showing the development and change of keywords with time, one can clearly present the evolution of research hotspots and frontier trends for different periods.

3. Results

3.1. Research Distribution and Trend of Wetland Agriculture

The publications on wetland agriculture research showed a fluctuating, increasing trend from 1977 to 2024. There was a significant increase after 2000; the highest publication years were 2013 and 2024, which both featured 44 articles (Figure 1). The United States ranked first in the number of publications with 255 articles. As a global leader in the field of wetland research, their commanding lead in article output was because of a research funding system with continuous investment, significant institutional cluster effects, and policy. Their “wetland zero net loss” policy required research support quantitative assessment [10] and stimulated the output of technical and method articles. China ranked second with 88 articles. This rapid growth in articles was highly related to the strategy of joining the Ramsar Convention. On the one hand, national programs supported the research and development of wetland restoration technology [11], and on the other hand, the coastal wetland laboratory established by Xiamen University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences had formed a specialized research system, especially in the field of salt marsh wetland agricultural utilization. Canada and Australia ranked third and fourth with 63 and 45 articles, respectively.
The distribution of high-frequency keywords revealed the global research focus and practice path (Table 1, Figure 2). Land use was the most frequently appearing keyword, with a total of 75 appearances, reflecting the deep contradiction between global agricultural expansion and wetland protection. A balanced model of soybean cultivation and rainforest protection through an agroforestry system reduced the rate of wetland degradation by 18% in the Amazon basin [12]. Management was the second-most frequently appearing keyword, with a total of 72 appearances, reflecting technological innovation in wetland restoration. The sediment diversion project was used to restore the delta in Louisiana coastal wetlands, and 130 km2 of wetlands were added within 10 years [13]. Ecosystem service was the third-most frequently appearing keyword, with a total of 65 appearances, showing the impact of wetland functions on the agriculture ecosystem. Moreover, impact, conservation, and water quality ranked fourth and fifth in keyword frequency, with a total of 60, 57, and 55 times, showing the importance of wetland conservation and purification and other functional impacts on the agriculture ecosystem. Land use, management, and water quality had the same and the highest central intermediary value (0.16).
Based on the evolution of CiteSpace keywords, research cases of international wetland agriculture were analyzed as follows(Figure 3). In terms of water quality research, an artificial wetland system planted with Phragmites australis in Franklin Farm, Illinois, USA, was able to remove 82% of nitrate from agricultural runoff through the microbial action of plant roots [14]. For wetland management research, designing a farmland-constructed wetland complex, with wetland units covering an area of only 3–9%, reduced the dissolved phosphorus in hidden pipe drainage by 30–50% through the triple mechanism of settling, sorption, and plant absorption [15]. Remote sensing was used to track the nutrient removal efficiency in real time by installing water quality and flow monitoring equipment at the entrance and exit of the wetland unit, providing data support for the nutrient management of 6 million hectares of farmland in the Mississippi River Basin [16]. One study on land use change focused on a “farmland-wetland” composite system, which, having created a constructed wetland in a farmland edge zone under the premise of the loss of less than 10% of the cultivated area, reduced the agricultural non-point source pollution load in the Mackinuo River basin by 40% [17]. In one climate change study, the annual carbon sequestration per hectare of constructed wetlands reached 2.3 t, providing a new path for carbon neutrality in agriculture [18].

3.2. Wetland Agriculture Development Process

Three high-frequency keywords in wetland agriculture research were land uses, management, and ecosystem services. For a further detailed analysis of these keywords, we divided the progress of wetland agriculture into three stages, which were agricultural reclamation of wetland, returning farmland to wetland, and the coexistence of wetland and agriculture for sustainable development, respectively.

3.3. Agricultural Reclamation of Wetland

Owing to their inherent soil and water conditions, wetlands are often the primary target for agricultural reclamation [19]. For hundreds of years, many countries have drained wetlands with fertile soil and sufficient moisture for agricultural cultivation in temperate and tropical regions. Central and southern America, eastern China, and northwestern Europe have an even longer history of draining wetlands for agricultural production [20]. Therefore, wetland areas have been reduced by more than half, and agricultural utilization has been considered the main reason for the continuous contraction of wetland areas since 1900 [21]. In the last century, the average wetland reclamation area was 50% in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia [8]. In particular, the expanding population in China has led to the conversion of many important wetland reserves into farmland, including the two lake plains in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the Taihu Plain in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Pearl River Delta region, the Northeast Sanjiang Plain, and the Songnen Plain. Most of these regions are agricultural commodity production bases. For example, the freshwater marsh on the Sanjiang Plain has experienced concentrated high-intensity reclamation since the 1950s. The natural wetland area has decreased by 80% in the past 60 years; correspondingly, the agricultural cultivation area has increased by 54%, representing 1/5 of the country’s total grain output [8]. During this stage, agriculture areas increased significantly and wetland areas reduced dramatically worldwide.

3.4. Returning Farmland to Wetland and Wetland Protection

The agricultural reclamation of wetland occurs due to food-related needs for countries’ development. The demand for food production increases, and environmental problems follow. Agricultural production typically depends on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to stabilize output. These agricultural production practices cause non-point source pollution, which seriously affects the healthy development of wetlands [22]. However, both wetland ecosystem protection and grain production security are important, and the competition between agricultural and wetland ecosystems in terms of water use is increasing [23]. From the results of model calculations, agricultural activities on dryland and paddy fields during the entire cycle of natural wetland change were the main driving factors, with relative contributions of 18.59% and 15.40%, respectively. Both meteorological (temperature, precipitation) and topographic factors (elevation, slope) had a driving role in the spatiotemporal variation of natural wetlands [24].
Simultaneously, as a result of the negative impacts of global climate change, countries worldwide are aware of the importance of wetland ecosystems, particularly the roles of wetlands in the regulation of the water cycle and carbon sequestration. Consequently, many countries have introduced policies on wetland conservation and restoration, such as the wetland development policy proposed by Uganda in 1995 [25]. The Chinese government has responded positively to wetland protection. First, the government restored wetlands through projects such as returning farmland to lakes and returning fish ponds to reed beds. Second, they established wetland nature reserves, wetland parks, and wetland conservation areas to increase the percentage of wetland ecosystem protection [26]. A significant result is that the wetland protection rate increased to 55% in 2023 from 52.19% in 2013. Wetland Protection Law in China was implemented on 1 June 2022. It was the first wetland law at the national level in China, with the third chapter focusing on wetland protection and utilization.

3.5. Coexistence of Wetland and Agriculture for Sustainable Development

In some poor communities, wetland resources and agricultural production play key roles in supporting and developing livelihoods. However, the supportive role of wetlands has become more pronounced due to population growth and climate change [27,28]. Therefore, the sustainable development of wetland agriculture is an important component of wetland ecological protection and socioeconomic development. Wetland eco-agriculture is not only an important method of wetland resource utilization and function maintenance, but also an important support [29] for wetland communities as they work towards eliminating poverty. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, wetland agroecosystems provide more than 80% of freshwater fish resources and 60% of food, crops, and livestock products [30]. Balancing the protection and supply (e.g., agricultural output) functions of wetland regulation and control is an important aspect of the sustainable development and management of wetland agriculture. In developing countries, even if there is a well-developed policy framework for wetland conservation at the national level, wetland ecosystems still face pressure due to population growth, agricultural development, and urbanization, and factors such as water pollution from agricultural and industrial waste lead to wetland degradation [11]. The vigorous development of a circular economy is an important measure for addressing these problems. Integrating cleaner production methods and the recycling of resources within a circular “resources–products–renewable resources” material recycling system promotes low resource input, high resource utilization, and low waste emission, thereby maintaining harmony between humans and nature [31]. After a long period of practice and exploration, some successful examples of the sustainable development of wetland agriculture have been gradually formed in China, such as the “mulberry fish pond” in the Pearl River Delta and the establishment of a “grain–grass–animal husbandry–fish” wetland agricultural ecosystem in the Taihu Lake area, which have achieved improved ecological function and economic value [32].

4. Discussion

The co-occurrence of these keywords reveals that international wetland agriculture research is shifting from focusing on single-production agriculture to human–land system optimization between wetland and agriculture. Technological innovation and policy design show a pattern of collaborative evolution.

4.1. Internal Factors of Wetland Agriculture Sustainable Development

The type, area, vegetation distribution, water body characteristics, and climate of wetlands are internal factors that restrict their development and utilization (Table 2). As the availability of resources is not sufficiently clear, the ecological and environmental damage caused by the transformation of wetland agriculture far exceeds the value of increasing agricultural output. In addition to the availability of wetland resources, land attributes and traffic locations are important factors affecting the sustainable development of wetland agriculture. Additionally, wetland scale and soil nutrient status determine the contribution of wetland agriculture to [1] surrounding communities.
From the perspective of ecosystem sustainability, agriculture and biodiversity are the strategic core of wetland planning and should be designed as an ecological alliance system—specifically regarding ecosystem services, agricultural sustainability, and socioeconomic values—to achieve a balance between ecological restoration and human activities. Although the agricultural reclamation of wetland is not supported anymore, some research has indicated that farmland restoration in degraded wetland could significantly enrich the biodiversity of soil fauna and migratory birds, improve the ecological environment of wetlands, and attract more migratory birds as inhabitants [33]. The environmental impacts due to irrigation supply and the economic losses for agriculture are minimized through the proposal of an optimal cropping pattern that changes the total cropping area and cultivated area of each crop [34].
Maintaining and restoring wetlands might mitigate the trade-off between crop production and water quality and thereby enhance the likelihood of win–win outcomes in agricultural landscapes [35]. Compared with wetlands located in peri-urban agriculture areas, wetlands in rural areas with extensive livestock have been characterized by a higher degree of omnivory and a greater proportion of top nodes [36]. A simulation-optimization approach has been developed for hydro-economic planning at the basin scale, with environmental flow designed based on a wetland’s ecosystem services. The results show that considering the value of wetland ecosystem services along with economic water use such as in agriculture, in addition to increasing the total economic value, can result in an effective water allocation that satisfies the wetland’s environmental requirements and leads to healthy and optimal planning at the basin. The optimal water allocation solution would result in IRR 2048 billion; that is, 67% from agriculture and 33% from wetland ecosystem services. This model was verified on Kani Barazan Wetland, Iran [37]. In brief, the view here is that agriculture and wetland environments are together very important for ecosystem health as well as for optimal agricultural production [38].
Table 2. Internal and external factors of wetland agriculture sustainable development.
Table 2. Internal and external factors of wetland agriculture sustainable development.
FactorKey ParametersReferences
Internal factorsWetland structureVegetation, water level, sediment[38]
Physical regime alterationSalinity, water quality and frequency, climate
DistributionTypes, location, and size
External factorsPublic awareness of sustainable developmentKnowledge systems, socioeconomic condition, enabling environment [38]
Governmental policyEconomic instruments, policy and regulation, communication and participation, enabling environment[16]
Management of wetland protection unit Water supply, wetland utilization [1]
Scientific researchScientific technology

4.2. External Factors of Wetland Agriculture Sustainable Development

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands has considered agriculture–wetland interactions, but without linking policy responses to agricultural drivers of change [38]. Therefore, the effectiveness of wetland ecological agriculture depends on the attention of local governments conscientiously implementing management regulations, especially with scientific and technological units, to cooperate with research and development efforts and develop ecological industries under the premise of resource carrying capacity. Additionally, internal and external factors influence the sustainable development of wetland agriculture.
Public awareness of sustainable development concepts, the interpretation and enforcement of policies by governments and functional departments at all levels, and the willingness of individual farmers to implement these policies are among the external factors that determine the sustainability of wetland agricultural development (Table 2, Figure 4). The biggest threats to wetlands and reasons for the decline in wetland productivity are water shortages, monoculture systems, and weak farming organizations. Balancing the competition between agricultural, domestic, and wetland water resources is a difficult problem for governments and functional departments. The dependence on and demand for wetland resources depends on the socioeconomic disparity among different groups [31]. For example, the development and utilization of wetlands tend to be easier in under-resourced areas. Appropriate technology models and investments are key factors in determining the contribution of wetland agriculture to farmers’ livelihoods. Poor maintenance of irrigation and drainage facilities and improper wetland planting systems decrease the sustainability of wetland agriculture and affect farmers’ livelihoods [1].

4.3. Sustainble Development Is an Inevitable Trend for Wetland Agriculture

After analyzing the development progress of wetland agriculture, the services and uses of wetland can be divided into four types based on their ecological functions: (1) wetland supply functions—providing production directly, such as traditional rice-fed wetland agriculture, lotus root pond agriculture, and wetland fisheries [39]; (2) wetland support functions—includes resource-protected agriculture, such as habitat for waterfowl and animal biodiversity conservation; (3) wetland adjustment functions, such as constructed wetlands and watershed multi-pond wetlands that treat rural domestic sewage and watershed non-point source pollution; and (4) wetland cultural functions, such as wetland parks for ecotourism [31].
The reed–fish/crab–mushroom model is a typical example of developing and utilization the water supply function. This model was formed in the western Songnen Plain, which is the largest soda salt source in China and one of the three major soda salt distribution areas worldwide [40]. From 1954 to 2008, the western marsh area of the Songnen Plain was reduced by 74% [41], meanwhile, the area of saline-alkali land increased by 1.73 times, mainly due to the degradation of grasslands, swamps, farmlands, and lake basins [42]. Niuxintaobao National Wetland Park (45°13″–45°16″ N; 123°13″–123°21″ E) is located in this area; with an area of 33 km2, it is a marsh formed by hydraulically active water in the Huolin and Tao’er rivers [43], with concentrated and connected reed marshes [44]. Reeds are harvested after icing in winter. Reeds are baled for different purposes. In agricultural fields, reeds can be smashed to form a substrate for mushroom cultivation [45,46]. After harvest, used mushroom substrate can be converted into feed for fish or crabs that are cultured in reed marshes [47]. Alternatively, it can be converted into compost, which can be used along with fish and crab waste to fertilize degraded reed marshes and improve population restoration [48]. The harvested reeds can also be turned into feed for sheep or cows using storage methods, and the animal waste can be returned to the reed soil (Figure 5).
Under the conditions of integrated recovery and utilization, many ecological functions, such as cold and wet effects, water purification, primary productivity, and biodiversity, have been restored and substantially improved. In one case, the yield of reeds increased from 0–350 t to 7000 t. The average daily temperature decreased by 1.7–3.7 °C, and the average nighttime temperature increased by 1.7 °C. The average daily relative humidity increased by approximately 4–15%. The removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from upstream waters can exceed 70% in reed wetlands. Species diversity substantially improved in the restored reed saline wetlands [41]. Additionally, this circular model can promote the effective unity of ecological (e.g., ecosystem health), social (e.g., food safety), and economic (e.g., efficient income) benefits.
The Xixi Wetland model is a typical example of developing and utilizing a wetland cultural function. It is located in the west of Hangzhou city, and it is famous for its wetland protection, restoration, and rational utilization, along with its ecotourism, and becoming the first national wetland park in China [8]. Historically, the Xixi Wetland was severely damaged due to the urbanization process, with the area of the wetland reduced from 60 km2 to 10 km2. This wetland has been restored under a comprehensive wetland protection project since 2003. The Xixi Wetland protection project adopts the strategy of “zoning management and systematic restoration”. In terms of water system management, the original hydrological circulation system of the wetland has been restored by dredging the river channel, building control gates, and introducing water from the Qiantang River. Water quality monitoring data show that the transparency of wetland water has been increased from less than 30 cm to more than 80 cm after treatment, and the main water quality indicators have reached the standard of surface water [50].
Natural restoration was mainly used to restore the vegetation community, and supplemented by artificial restoration. Native wetland plants, such as reed and calamus, have been planted. The number of species increased from 200 to 600 after restoration. Biodiversity conservation is one of the priorities of the projects. Through the construction of ecological islands, bird habitats, and other measures, the number of bird species has increased from 79 to 186. The Xixi Wetland has benefited from a continuous improvement of the ecological environment and tourism services, becoming a landmark area of sustainable development in Hangzhou. It has created the ecological tourism model of “protective development”. A balance between ecological protection and tourism development was achieved, through reasonable planning of tour routes, control of the number of tourists, the construction of an ecological science museum, and other measures [51]. Wetland tourism has driven the transformation and upgrading of surrounding industries. Local farmers have achieved a substantial increase in income by participating in tourism services, operating featured homestays and selling agricultural products [51]. The development experience of Xixi Wetland provides a useful reference for other areas. The model of “government-led, scientific planning and community participation” has been adopted by a number of wetland protection projects. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has listed Xixi Wetland as a typical case of global wetland conservation and sustainable utilization.

5. Conclusions and Outlook

A bibliometric analysis method was used to analyze the wetland agriculture literature systematically. Based on high-frequency keyword analysis, wetland agriculture has evolved from the agricultural reclamation of wetlands to the return of farmland for wetlands, and finally to the coexistence of wetland and agriculture. Four wetland agriculture functions were summarized: wetland supply functions, wetland support functions, wetland adjustment functions, and wetland culture functions. Internal and external factors jointly affected the sustainable development of wetland agriculture. Through scientific engineering measures, reasonable development modes, the guidance of government policies, and the participation of the masses, the wetland ecosystem has not only been restored, but has also brought considerable economic benefits to local areas. Therefore, the scientific use of wetlands based on their ecological services is an effective method for achieving the sustainable development of both ecosystems.
In the future, the development of wetland agriculture should consider the following:
  • From the perspective of natural resources, the evaluation of the carrying capacity of wetland resources and the potential value of agricultural exploitation and utilization should be strengthened. Rational plans should be developed for the utilization of resources to form strategies for zoning, classification, grading protection, and the utilization of wetland resources.
  • Further research should explore technical models of the sustainable utilization of multi-chain wetland resources.
  • Effective scientific policies and management practices should be developed to establish wetland protection and ecological compensation systems [27]. Future policies must promote self-regulation and the self-implementation of sustainable management incentives to ensure equitable use and safeguard critical ecosystem resources [16].
  • The European Parliament has passed the “Nature Recovery” laws as part of its “Biodiversity Strategy 2030” and “Green Deal”. In this respect, wetlands can provide a wide range of ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, hydrological land protection, the provision of products, and cultural and recreational benefits, amongst many others. However, they are still threatened by the expansion of agricultural land, overexploitation of water resources, water pollution, and climate change. Wetland conservation and utilization, however, is essential, and requires coordinated action by managers, policymakers, stakeholders, and scientists [36].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing, T.L. and X.L.; formal analysis, methodology, project administration, funding acquisition, writing—original draft preparation, H.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Key Research and Development Projects of Jilin Province, grant number 20240304158SF, and the Science & Technology Innovation Foundation of Shanxi Agricultural University, grant number CXGC2023027.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Li Xiujun for his expert guidance on wetland agriculture research. Special thanks are extended to Yang Yujie for her methodological support in conducting critical literature reviews during the manuscript’s revision phase.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Articles published on wetland agriculture research.
Figure 1. Articles published on wetland agriculture research.
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Figure 2. Keyword clustering analysis.
Figure 2. Keyword clustering analysis.
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Figure 3. Keyword timeline analysis. Notes: The straight lines were timeline. The curve meant that the target key word was relevant to other keywords. The larger the circle, the higher the frequency of the keyword.
Figure 3. Keyword timeline analysis. Notes: The straight lines were timeline. The curve meant that the target key word was relevant to other keywords. The larger the circle, the higher the frequency of the keyword.
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Figure 4. Wetlands and their external relationships for sustainable development.
Figure 4. Wetlands and their external relationships for sustainable development.
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Figure 5. The cycle of usage in the reed–fish/crab–mushroom model. (This figure was constructed according to the findings of Grimm and Wösten, 2018 [49]).
Figure 5. The cycle of usage in the reed–fish/crab–mushroom model. (This figure was constructed according to the findings of Grimm and Wösten, 2018 [49]).
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Table 1. Keyword co-present network analysis of wetland agriculture research.
Table 1. Keyword co-present network analysis of wetland agriculture research.
OrderKeywordsFrequencyCentral Intermediary ValueEarliest Publication/Year
WOS1land use750.161994
2management720.162000
3ecosystem service650.062001
4impact600.031994
4conservation570.151998
5water quality550.161997
6climate change520.12001
7agriculture480.092000
7constructed wetland480.132004
9biodiversity350.072005
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He, H.; Li, X.; Li, T. The Sustainable Development of Wetlands and Agriculture: A Literature Review. Agronomy 2025, 15, 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030746

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He H, Li X, Li T. The Sustainable Development of Wetlands and Agriculture: A Literature Review. Agronomy. 2025; 15(3):746. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030746

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He, Hanqiong, Xiaoyu Li, and Tingliang Li. 2025. "The Sustainable Development of Wetlands and Agriculture: A Literature Review" Agronomy 15, no. 3: 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030746

APA Style

He, H., Li, X., & Li, T. (2025). The Sustainable Development of Wetlands and Agriculture: A Literature Review. Agronomy, 15(3), 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030746

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