Next Article in Journal
Biological Control of Three Fungal Diseases in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Next Article in Special Issue
High Ribonuclease Activity in the Testa of Common Bean Seedlings during Germination: Implication and Characterization of the Ribonuclease T2 PvRNS3
Previous Article in Journal
A Biocontrol Strain of Serratia plymuthica MM Promotes Growth and Controls Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon
Previous Article in Special Issue
Pelleting of Physical Dormancy Small-Seeded Species in Astragalus sikokianus Nakai
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Agronomy
Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/agronomy13092438
agronomy-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Effects of Pre-Treatments on Seed Dormancy and Germination of Endemic Muscari bourgaei Baker

by
Serap Kırmızı
Programme of Horticulture, Gemlik Asım Kocabıyık Graduate Vocational School, Bursa Uludağ University, 16600 Bursa, Türkiye
Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092438
Submission received: 28 August 2023 / Revised: 15 September 2023 / Accepted: 19 September 2023 / Published: 21 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Agronomic Treatment on Seed Germination and Dormancy)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
M. bourgaei Baker is an endemic plant that grows in Türkiye. It has the potential to be an ornamental plant, so it is important to know its germination characteristics and seed morphological characteristics. We evaluated the effects of moist chilling (3 to 12 months) and application of gibberellic acid (GA3) (250 to 1000 mg/L−1) on seed germination under two different light regimes (light phase and dark phase) and four temperature regimes (20, 20/10, 25/15, and 15/10 °C). Seeds were collected from the subalpine belt of Mount Uludağ at an altitude between 2200 and 2300 m. M. bourgaei seeds were dormant and reached the highest germination percentage after 12 months of moist chilling. GA3 applications only have a limited effect on the breaking of dormancy in most cases. Maximum germination of 28 percent was obtained by the GA3 application of 1000 mg/L under dark phase with incubation at 15/10 °C. Scarification with sulfuric acid did not result in any germination. Seed germination of above 80 percent was obtained after 6 months of moist chilling and above 90 percent after 9 and 12 months of moist chilling. Intermediate physiological dormancy was determined as the type of dormancy. Our findings on seed germination and dormancy characteristics of M. bourgaei, which is an endemic alpine meadow plant, will contribute to the protection and development of the germplasm of this species.

1. Introduction

Germination is an important stage that initiates a plant’s life cycle. Germination and seedling establishment are important for plant growth, development, and adaptation [1]. Germination behavior is deemed an adaptive trait in relation to habitat properties [1,2]. Seed dormancy is a complex process by which the seeds schedule their germination through the delay of germination until the next season [3,4]. Since germination properties and germination timing are critical phases of a plant’s life cycle, the future of the species depends on these characteristics [5]. Seed dormancy is a process that prevents germination even under favorable conditions [6]. Baskin and Baskin (2004) [6] introduced a comprehensive dormancy classification system. There are five dormancy classes in this classification, and physiological dormancy (PD) is the most common form of dormancy among these classes. In temperate regions, the seeds are released from dormancy following winter conditions, and this strategy is advantageous as it protects the seedlings from adverse winter conditions [3,7].
Germination requirements are species- and habitat-specific. Germination and dormancy experiments are not complicated experiments, and they indicate the complex relationships between germination properties and environmental factors. Information regarding the germination characteristics of a plant species allows us to have a deeper and more critical understanding of a plant’s life cycle [8]. At the beginning of a species’ habitat establishment phase, having knowledge regarding the ecological conditions necessary for germination is also very important [8].
The knowledge of seed germination behavior is indispensable in developing effective procedures and protocols for ex situ conservation [9,10,11]. Furthermore, the study of seed germination provides a clue to the understanding of the survival strategy of the species, which can be defined as the timing of seed dispersal along with dormancy/germination characteristics that result in germination during the optimum period for seedling establishment [3].
Seeds adapt to various habitats by evolving in different ways [5], and seed dormancy is a way of avoiding harsh environmental conditions. Further, seed batches have different dormancy levels and types [3], and this trait is another survival strategy of the plants [2]. The geophytes are used in the pharmaceutical and perfumery industries due to the secondary metabolites they contain. [12]. Muscari species is an ornamental plant due to its flamboyant flowers, and it is preferred in rock gardens and landscaping applications such as borders [13]. Türkiye has a rich flora, and its endemism rate is around 34 percent [14]. Muscari Mill. is a genus represented by 41 taxa in Türkiye, 25 of which are endemic, and their endemism rate is 63 percent [15,16]. Muscari Mill. has a natural distribution in the Mediterranean, Europe, the Caucasus, Southwest Europe, and Central Asia. A total of 77 species in the world [17] represent the genus.
On a global scale, drought, grazing, global warming, fires, and anthropogenic factors continue to have an impact on biodiversity [18] The ecosystems of the Mediterranean Mountains have important plant diversity in terms of taxonomy. On a global scale, the Mediterranean climate zone is one of the regions suffering species loss the most severely [19]. Thus, the conservation of plant species, especially rare or endemic species, is prominent in conservation biology. Ex situ preservation of seeds has an important role in the conservation and reestablishment of alpine species [8]. Data obtained from germination tests can and should be used to provide information about the germination requirements of threatened species [8]. In addition, M. bourgaei is not available as a seed collection in any seed bank in Türkiye (personal correspondence).
Muscari, as a geophyte genus from the Mediterranean basin, can propagate from both bulbs and seeds. Seed germination properties of some other Muscari genus members have been previously investigated [20,21,22,23]. It has been shown that stratification of seeds for 45 days and sulfuric acid scarification improve the germination of M. neglectum seeds [23]. M. gussonei, an endemic and endangered psammophyte species from Sicily, germinates almost completely at 10–15 °C [22]. The study on the germination ecophysiology of four Muscari species revealed that the seeds were not dormant and that they preferably germinated at cold temperatures [20]. Although there are studies on the phylogenetic, cytological, palynological, and ecological properties and seed morphology of Muscari species along with their natural distribution in Türkiye [24,25], there is no study on their germination and dormancy properties. Muscari bourgaei Baker, which is under the category of least concern (LC), still needs to be conserved as its habitat is suitable for grazing and tourism and is affected by anthropogenic factors.
Mount Uludağ is one of the prominent plant sites in Türkiye due to its high plant diversity and habitat and is known as one of the Important Plant Areas (IPA no 18) [26]. Mount Uludağ is also famous for its winter tourism activities and significant spring water systems. Thus, plant species at Mount Uludağ are at risk due to these anthropogenic factors.
Plant conservation requires deeper knowledge about the life cycle of plants. Seed germination is an important stage, and this is why the germination characteristics of rare and endemic plants have become important in recent years [27,28,29,30]. There is a need for knowledge associating the biology and habitat characteristics of threatened or endemic plants in order to develop guidelines for their conservation [31,32,33]. In this study, we aimed to understand the germination and dormancy properties and morphological characteristics of endemic Muscari bourgaei Baker seeds, which have not been studied before. Seed germination tests on endemic and/or rare species provide valuable basic information on the seed germination ecology of the studied species [8], and the determination of seed dormancy classes can help us understand the early plant life history, and this information can be used on seed propagation [34].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

The bulbs of this species usually do not proliferate, and its tunics are violet–blue. It is raceme rather lax, broadly ovoid and oblong, shows no fruit elongation, and usually has only 15–40 imbricate flowers. Fertile flowers are obovoid to oblong–urceolate and strongly constricted. Fruit capsules are ovoid–orbicular with emarginate leaves. Flowering plants of this species can be observed among Juniperus communis dwarf shrub communities, and Acantholimon ulucinum communities dominated by cushion plants at alpine pastures between 1500 and 2450 m between May and July. M. bourgaei, which spreads in eight floristic regions and 11 localities around Northwest, West, and South Anatolia in the Republic of Türkiye, is also naturally observed in the subalpine region of Mount Uludağ. It is in the LC category, but its habitat is at risk due to its suitability for tourism and grazing [15].

2.2. Seed Material

Ripe seeds were collected from the Mount Uludağ region in August 2010 and 2013 at an altitude between 2200 and 2300 m (40°05′03″ N and 29°10′46″ E). The seeds were then removed from the dried capsules and stored under laboratory conditions (25 °C, 50% RH). Since the seeds were collected on two different dates and the experiments were carried out in different years, this study can be divided into two parts: the preliminary experiment and the main experiment. Although germination conditions were chosen differently, the same germination procedure was adopted in both experiments. All experiments were initiated within 1 month from the date of seed collection.

2.3. Germination Conditions and Tests

Sterile plastic 9 cm Petri dishes were used for germination. The surface sterilization of the seeds was achieved via the application of 5% NaOCI for 3 min, and the seeds were then rinsed with tap water. Then they were soaked in Petri dishes with Whatman No. 1 filter paper in the presence of 4 mL of distilled water or gibberellic acid (GA3). In order to prevent evaporation, the Petri dishes were covered with stretch film for the light phase and aluminum foil for the dark phase during the incubations. Gibberellic acid potassium salt (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used for the hormone treatments. Gibberellic acid was applied as a pre-treatment for 24 h inhibition, and then the seeds were rinsed with distilled water. Incubation conditions varied according to the experimental procedure adopted. The photoperiodic conditions had an approx. 30 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density during the lighting phase provided by Philips TL-D 30W/54-764 cool fluorescent tubes. The moist chilling was carried out by soaking the seeds in Petri dishes in the presence of distilled water at +4 °C. All seeds were checked daily for germination and considered to have germinated following the emergence of the radicles. Four replicates of 25 seeds per Petri dish were used. Germinated seeds were counted and removed every second day for up to 40 days. Seeds incubated in the dark phase were checked under filtered red light.

2.4. Preliminary Treatments for the Breaking of Dormancy

Preliminary trials were conducted in 2010. According to the results obtained from the preliminary trials, some additional trials were carried out with longer moist chilling durations and additional incubations at different temperatures. The seeds collected in 2010 were initially tested for germination in the dark phase at 20 °C. Moist chilling was applied for 2 months. After two months of moist chilling, seeds were incubated at the same conditions with GA3 (250, 500, and 1000 mg/L−1). Since not enough germination was observed as per the results of the preliminary experiment, we planned to obtain the germination responses through further germination conditions and tests.

2.5. Main Experiment: Prolonged Moist Chilling, Scarification, Responses to GA3, and Seed Morphological Characteristics

The conditions of the main experiment were designed as per the results of preliminary germination tests. Then, the same GA3 concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 mg/L−1), longer moist chilling durations (3, 6, 9, and 12 months) with a wider temperature range, and light phase and dark phase (25/15 °C; 20/10 °C; 15/10° C for 12 h/12 h) conditions were selected for the germination treatments.
Scarification was achieved by soaking the seeds in 80% H2SO4 for 10 min. The seeds kept in acid were then washed with running tap water, planted in Petri dishes by the method described above, and incubated at three different temperatures and under two light regimes. The untreated seeds were subjected to scarification.
For the scanning electron microscope, seed material was sputter coated with gold–palladium for 2 min in a BAL-TEC SCD 005. All observations were performed using a scanning electron microscope, and micrographs were taken at 20 kV. Macromorphological characteristics of the seeds, including color, shape, and size, were determined, and weighing of the seeds was performed by weighing a randomly selected 100 seeds (measurements were made on these seeds).

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Germination percentage and MGT were calculated (mean ± standard error). Germination percentage was calculated by the formula: G (%) = (A/B) × 100. In this equation, A is the total number of seeds that germinated within 40 days, and B is the total number of seeds (25 seeds). MGT is the mean germination time for the seeds, and it was calculated by the formula MGT = ΣDN/ΣN. In this equation, D is the number of days spent as of the sowing date and N is the number of seeds germinated on day D. Germination percentage and MGT results were evaluated with SPSS (Ver. 22 for Windows) and a two-way ANOVA. An arcsine transformation was performed before applying statistics to the germination percentage results. Untransformed data are presented in the tables. All tests were performed at a significance level of α = 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Preliminary Treatments for the Breaking of Dormancy

M. bourgaei seeds did not germinate during the control treatments with distilled water. However, the germination rate increased to 30.4 ± 4.7 percent after 2 months of moist chilling. By the GA3 application following moist chilling, 31.0 ± 3.8 percent germination occurred at a 250 mg/L−1 concentration (Table 1). MGT values for preliminary treatment were found to be between 4.9 and 5.3 days (Table 1). Moist chilling for two months, by also considering the GA3 and distilled water (control) treatments, was not significant in terms of germination percentage and MGT.

3.2. Main Experiment: Prolonged Moist Chilling, Scarification, Responses to GA3, and Seed Morphological Characteristics

M. bourgaei seeds did not again germinate during incubations performed with distilled water at other temperatures during the trials in 2013 (the main experiment), and so it was concluded that the seeds were dormant. Moist chilling at four different durations, and then incubation under different temperatures, increased the germination rate, and the dormancy was thus broken (Table 2). Among the moist chilling treatments that continued for 3 months, the incubations at 15/10 °C gave better results on the germination rates compared to incubations at 25/15 °C and 20/10 °C. Three months of moist chilling and then incubation under 15/10 °C resulted in 40.00 ± 4.60 percent germination for dark phase conditions and 25.00 ± 3.40 percent germination for light phase conditions. The germination rate was around 80.00 to 93.00 percent after 6 months of moist chilling at all incubation temperatures. Nine months of moist chilling generally resulted in more than 90.00 percent germination, and dormancy was completely broken except at 15/10 °C. The germination rate was 83.00 ± 1.00 percent in the dark phase and 89.00 ± 3.80 percent in the light phase at 15/10 °C.
Incubation temperature as a single factor was found to be non-significant, but the moist chilling duration was found to be significant alone (p ˂ 0.05) under both dark and light phases (Table 3). The interaction of temperature and moist chilling duration was found to be significant under the light phase (p ˂ 0.05), but it was not significant in the dark phase (p ˃ 0.05) (Table 3).
MGT, the mean germination time, was also evaluated during moist chilling at three different temperatures (Table 4). The lowest value of MGT was found to be 3.9 ± 0.9 days at 20/10 °C under the dark phase following 3 months of moist chilling (Table 4). After 9 months of moist chilling, germination time was shorter among seeds incubated at 15/10 °C and 25/15 °C, compared to 3 and 6 months of moist chilling. When the factors were evaluated in view of MGT, the moist chilling duration was significant in both the dark and light phases, the temperature was significant only in the dark phase, and the interaction of these two factors was significant in all the treatments (Table 5).

3.3. Scarification and GA3 Pre-Treatment

Scarification with H2SO4 did not produce any germination. Since the treatment was ineffective, it was not included in the tables. GA3 pre-treatment was found to be effective only at 15/10 °C. Seeds did not germinate at 20/10 °C and 25/15 °C at the same GA3 concentrations. The highest germination rate was found to be 28 ± 2.3 percent for the 1000 mg/L−1 GA3 application under the light phase as significantly different (Table 6) (p ˂ 0.05). The fastest germination time of 6.1 ± 0.8 days was also found for the 1000 mg/L−1 GA3 application. The two-way ANOVA was applied only for GA3 applications at 15/10 °C (Table 7). The effect of light, as a single factor, was found to be significant for both the germination rate and MGT (p ˂ 0.05). The interaction of light and GA3 was also significant for both the germination rate and MGT (p ˂ 0.05).

3.4. Seed Morphological Characteristics

The morphological characteristics of seeds were determined through measurements and SEM. The mean seed weight was found to be 3.2 mg (Table 8). The seed’s shape was orbicular, its size was 1.17 × 1.04 mm, and its color was black (Figure 1a,b). Figure 2 shows the dried inflorescence with seeds.

4. Discussion

In alpine regions, seeds cannot germinate because their temperature needs cannot be fulfilled in the autumn [35,36]. Each species has particular seed germination requirements due to adaptive radiation in rugged and variable environments [37]. Moist chilling is deemed one of the most effective methods for breaking dormancy [35]. Further, moist chilling affects many processes such as the promotion of embryo maturation, alteration of hormone levels in seeds, degradation of inhibitory compounds, stimulation of numerous enzyme activities, and switching on some specific gene regions [38].
Dormancy and the depth of dormancy can be determined by the germination and germination rate of fresh and mature seeds under optimum conditions and within a certain period of time [3]. M. bourgaei seeds are dormant and do not germinate if left untreated. In the present study, moist chilling for more than 3 months significantly increased the germination, and thus, the seed dormancy was broken (Table 2). This may indicate that M. bourgaei seeds have physiological dormancy (PD). PD is common among woodland herbaceous plants and among numerous plant families [3]. In terms of alpine plants, the seeds are usually dispersed in the fall, spend the winter in the soil seed bank, and germinate the following spring [39]. Moist chilling practices at low temperatures can also extend the temperature range that the seeds need for germination [5,6]. M. bourgaei seeds are most likely to have PD, but since many Liliaceae seeds have immature linear embryos [3], the possibility of morphophysiological dormancy should not be ignored.
Temperature is one of the significant factors in the breaking of dormancy and seed germination [35]. If the moist chilling was not performed, seeds would not have germinated at all three temperatures, and thus, after more than 9 months of moist chilling, most of the seeds germinated (Table 2). Seed dormancy in M. bourgaei seeds was broken by at least six months of moist chilling. Salmeri and Trubia (2019) [22] studied the endemic and endangered M. gussonei which prefers lower temperatures for germination. M. gussonei seeds germinate almost completely at 10–15 °C, whereas germination decreases with increased temperature (20 °C). In addition, Doussi and Thanos (2002) [20] studied four Muscari taxa and found that the seeds were not subject to dormancy but that they preferred a temperature of 10–15 °C and dark conditions for germination M. neglectum also prefers low temperatures (15 °C) and dark conditions for germination. Moreover, another Liliaceae species also seems to prefer lower temperatures for germination [21]. For example, Allium schoenoprasum seeds achieve more than 90 percent germination through incubation at 15 °C [40]. Specht and Keller (1997) [41] tested 97 Allium species’ germination in terms of their temperature preferences and found that the species often preferred 5–11–16 °C ranges for germination. Kamenetsky and Gutterman (2000) [40] studied A. altissimum seeds’ dormancy and found that its seeds require a minimum of 70 days of moist chilling for germination.
Gibberellic acid is a significant stimulator for germination, and it is considered an important factor in the breaking of dormancy [2,42]. It also has effects such as weakening the tissues surrounding the embryo [5], increasing its growth potential, overcoming inhibitors such as ABA [38], and stimulating the mobilization of reserves [43]. In the present study, M. bourgaei seeds responded to GA3 pre-treatment, but only at 15/10 °C. Thus, we can specify that GA3 application without moist chilling causes only a slight increase in germination. Jang et al. (2022) [34] studied the dormancy mechanism of Veronicastrum sibiricum seeds and found that GA3 treatment at 2887 mM resulted in 90% seed germination during four incubation weeks at 20/10 °C. Kaya et al. (2015) [44] investigated four endemic Sideritis taxa and found that 200 mg/L−1 GA3 treatment and/or the combination of GA3 and moist chilling treatment were the most effective resulting in more than 60% germination. In our preliminary experiment, we determined 21.0 percent germination through 1000 mg/L−1 GA3 treatment following two months of moist chilling (Table 1). In addition, in the main experiment, we determined 28.0 percent germination through 1000 mg/L−1 GA3 pre-treatment without moist chilling (Table 2). It seems that gibberellic acid has a slight effect on the breaking of dormancy in M. bourgaei seeds. The type of dormancy among M. bourgaei seeds is probably physiological dormancy (PD). According to Baskin and Baskin (2004) [6], in terms of seed dormancy types, intermediate PD is broken through cold stratification for at least two months and through GA3 treatment. Scarification by sulfuric acid did not result in germination and was therefore found to be ineffective, suggesting that there was no physical component with respect to the dormancy type.
Most alpine species are not ready to germinate after maturation due to temperature requirements, which are believed to be species-specific [45]. M. bourgaei seeds can germinate under both dark and light conditions following the break of their dormancy, and it is probably because the seeds remain at the soil seed bank (short-term), and thus they are classified as transient type II [34]. In addition, if the particle size in the soil is large, the seeds can easily sink into the soil [46]. The mean weight of M. bourgaei seeds was found to be 3.2 mg (Table 5), and this suggests that it is possible to store the seeds temporarily in the soil seed bank for 1 to 5 years [47]. In the present study, the viability of the seeds was not directly tested by the tetrazolium test. But the results of moist chilling suggested that the seeds were completely viable and maintained their viability for at least 1 year (Table 2). The seeds’ anatomical characteristics are suggested to be useful for classification. M. bourgaei seeds’ test in terms of anatomical characteristics consists of one layer of sclerenchymatous large flat cells and two layers of sclerenchymatous flat cells [24]. The micromorphological characteristics of the Muscari seeds have variations, but the seed color is black among them. It was previously found that the color of the seed coat has an effect on dormancy in legume seeds and that colored seeds imbibe more slowly [48].
Our findings indicated that M. bourgaei seeds are physiologically dormant and do not germinate. In its natural habitat, this species can potentially remain for a while without germination. In nature, M. bourgaei seeds become mature at the end of the summer season and can germinate in the next spring by staying under moist and cold conditions for a sufficient period of time throughout the winter. The seed bank data provide valuable information on germination ecology, which can be used for in situ conservation and as a baseline for further germination studies [8]. Seed storage in gene banks and enabling regeneration are the most economical means of ex situ conservation of endemic species [27]. Moreover, for ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources, it is required to perform cultivation operations on wild and endemic species [49,50].

5. Conclusions

According to the results of the present study, a germination protocol can be proposed for M. bourgaei seeds covering physiological dormancy following dispersal. Optimally, 9 months of moist chilling treatment results in more than 90% germination and faster germination, while GA3 application has a limited effect on the breaking of dormancy, so it is not recommended. The addressed habitat of the M. bourgaei is likely to face risks in the future due to its location as Mount Uludağ is a point of attraction for winter sports and tourism. These kinds of studies are gaining importance due to the gradual decrease in biological diversity in our country and around the world [51].
Propagation of endemic or rare plant species from seeds is considered an ideal method for the ex situ conservation of plants. The European Convention on Biological Diversity emphasized the priority of in situ conservation for long-term biodiversity conservation, but it also recognized the significance of the supporting role of ex situ conservation. Ex situ conservation acts as an insurance against extinction in the wild and provides material for re-introduction, plant breeding, and sustainable use programs, as well as education and research. Techniques include seed and gene banks, in vitro field gene banks, and pollen banks [52]. Important issues related to seed conservation efforts will be addressed as more seeds of wild species are collected and stored in the seed banks [51]. Finally, M. bourgaei may also be suggested as an ornamental plant for landscape projects prepared by the local flora. Plants of local origin will not only grow and survive best in their own locality but will also support the full range of native fauna [52].

Funding

This study was a part of the project (KUAP/2012-35) funded by Bursa Uludağ University.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

I thank Gürcan Güleryüz and Hülya Arslan for their help with fieldwork and experiments. For proofreading, thanks to Gözdem Güvenç, redactor in English.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Donohue, K.; Foster, D.R.; Motzkin, G. Effects of the past and the present on species distribution: Land-use history and demography of wintergreen. J. Ecol. 2000, 88, 303–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Qaderi, M.M. Environmental regulation of weed seed dormancy and germination. Seeds 2023, 2, 259–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Baskin, C.C.; Baskin, J.M. Seeds Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Schwienbacher, E.S.; Marcante, B.; Erschbamer, B. Alpine species seed longevity in the soil in relation to seed size and shape—A 5-year burial experiment in the Central Alps. Flora Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants 2010, 205, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Finch-Savage, W.E.; Leubner-Metzger, G. Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytol. 2006, 171, 501–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Baskin, J.M.; Baskin, C.C. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Sci. Res. 2004, 14, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Fenner, M.; Thompson, K. The Ecology of Seeds; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  8. Clemente, A.S.; Müller, J.V.; Almeida, E.; Costa, C.A.; Dias, S.L.; Brehm, J.M.; Martins-Loução, M.A. What can routine germination tests in seed banks tell us about the germination ecology of endemic and protected species? Botany 2017, 95, 673–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Francisco-Ortega, J.; Santos-Guerra, A.; Kim, S.C.; Crawford, D.J. Plant genetic diversity in the Canary Islands: A conservation perspective. Am. J. Bot. 2000, 87, 909–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Estrelles, E.; Pena, C.; Sebastian, A.; Ibars, A.M. Nymphaea alba L. behaviour regarding seed germination and ex situ conservation. In Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on the Conservation of Wild Plants, Planta Europa, Valencia, Spain, 17–20 September 2004. [Google Scholar]
  11. Flores, J.; Jurado, E.; Himenez-Bremont, J.F. Breaking seed dormancy in specially protected Turbinicarpus lophophoroides and Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus (Cactaceae). Plant Species Biol. 2008, 23, 43–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Çığ, A.; Başdoğan, G. In vitro propagation techniques for some geophyte ornamental plants with economic value. Int. J. Second. Metab. 2015, 2, 27–49. [Google Scholar]
  13. Özgen, Y.; Arslan, N. Farklı gibberellik asit dozlarının ve uygulama sürelerinin Muscari azureum Fenzi (Keşişbaşı) tohumlarının çıkışına etkileri. In Proceedings of the VI. Süs Bitkileri Kongresi Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı, Antalya, Türkiye, 19–22 April 2016; pp. 313–318. [Google Scholar]
  14. Ekim, T.; Koyuncu, M.; Vural, M.; Duman, H.; Aytaç, Z.; Adıgüzel, N. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı; Barışkan Offset: Ankara, Türkiye, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  15. Davis, P.H.; Stuart, D.C. Muscari Mill. In Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands; Davis, P.H., Ed.; Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, UK, 1984; Volume 8, pp. 245–263. [Google Scholar]
  16. Eker, İ.; Yıldırım, H.; Armağan, M. Türkiye Florası için yeni bir müşkürüm kaydı: Muscari pallens. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi 2019, 6, 45–53. [Google Scholar]
  17. Eker, İ.; Yıldırım, H. Muscari inundatum (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from southern Anatolia. Phytotaxa 2021, 484, 181–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Qian, D.; Li, Q.; Guo, X.; Fan, B.; Lan, Y.; Si, M.; Cao, G. Ecosystem services relationship characteristics of the degraded alpine shrub meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecol. Evol. 2023, 13, e10351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Sala, O.A.; Chapin, F.S.; Armesto, J.J.; Berlow, E.; Bloomfield, J.; Dirzo, R.; Huber-Sanwald, E.; Huenneke, L.F.; Jackson, R.B.; Kinzig, A.; et al. Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100. Science 2000, 287, 1770–1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Doussi, M.A.; Thanos, C.A. Ecophysiology of seed germination in Mediterranean geophytes. 1. Muscari spp. Seed Sci. Res. 2002, 12, 193–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Çatav, Ş.S.; Küçükyavuz, K.; Tavşanoğlu, Ç.; Akbaş, K. Effects of aqueous smoke and nitrate tratments on germination of 12 Eastern Mediterranean Basin plants. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 2015, 52, 93–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Salmeri, C.; Trubia, M. Seed germination reports for coastal sand dune species from Sicily. Flora Mediterr. 2019, 29, 277–287. [Google Scholar]
  23. Labbaf, N.; Rohollahi, I.; Naj, A.M. Muscari germination enhancement by using sulphuric acid stratification priming. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 2023, 2, 171–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Eroğlu, S.; Karaismailoğlu, M.C.; Pınar, S.M.; Fidan, M. Seed micromorphology and anatomy of 36 Muscari (Asparagaceae) taxa from Turkey with notes on their systematical importance. Acta Bot. Croat. 2021, 80, 146–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Uysal, T.; Bozkurt, M.; Sezer, E.N.Ş.; Aksoy, A.; Ertuğrul, K. Karyomorphological Studies of Six Species of Turkish Muscari (Asparagaceae). Cytologia 2021, 86, 351–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Özhatay, N.; Byfield, A.; Atay, S. Türkiye’nin 122 Önemli Bitki Alanı; WWF Türkiye: Istanbul, Türkiye, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  27. Kırmızı, S. Dormancy and germination requirements of five species from Brassicaceae. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. Technol. 2017, 7, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Simbaña, W.; Tye, A. Reproductive biology and responses to threats and protection measures of the total population of a critically endangered Galápagos plant, Linum cratericola (Linaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2009, 161, 89–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Martínez-García, F.; Guerrero-García, S.; Pérez-García, F. Evaluation of reproductive success and conservation strategies for Senecio coincyi (Asteraceae), a narrow and threatened endemic plant of Central Western Spain. Arch. Biol. Sci. 2012, 64, 1001–1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Yücel, G.; Erken, K. Optimal germination methods, ornamental plant features, and ex situ conservation of endemic Campanula grandis Fisch and CA Mey. J. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag. 2023, 31, 132–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Hegazy, A.K.; Kabiel, H.F.; Boulos, L.; Sharashy, O.S. Conservation approach to the demography and dynamics of protected and unprotected populations of the endemic Ebenus armitagei in the Western Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. J. Nat. Conserv. 2010, 18, 151–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ayele, T.B.; Gailing, O.; Finkeldey, R. Assessment and integration of genetic, morphological and demographic variation in Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel to guide its conservation. J. Nat. Conserv. 2011, 19, 8–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Lozano, F.D.; Moreno Saiz, J.C.; Ollero, H.S. Biological properties of the endemic and threatened shrub in Iberia Vella pseudocytisus subsp. paui Gomez Campo (Cruciferae) and implications for its conservation. J. Nat. Conserv. 2005, 13, 17–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Jang, G.H.; Chung, J.M.; Rhie, Y.H.; Lee, S.Y. Seed Dormancy Class and Ecophysiological Features of Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell (Scrophulariaceae) Native to the Korea Peninsula. Plants 2022, 11, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Baskin, C.C.; Baskin, J.M. Seeds, Ecology Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination; Academic Press: London, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
  36. Cavieres, L.A.; Arroyo, M.T. Seed germination response to cold stratification period and thermal regime in Phacelia secunda (Hydrophyllaceae)–altitudinal variation in the Mediterranean Andes of central Chile. Plant Ecol. 2000, 149, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Cerabolini, B.; De Andreis, R.; Ceriani, R.M.; Pierce, S.; Raimondi, B. Seed germination and conservation of endangered species from the Italian Alps: Physoplexis comosa and Primula glaucescens. Biol. Conserv. 2004, 117, 351–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Deng, S.; Deng, Z.; Wong, X.; Lio, H.; Xue, H. Effects of temperature, scarification, stratification, phytohormones and afterripening on the dormancy and germination of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. seeds. Forests 2021, 12, 1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Billings, W.D.; Mooney, H.A. The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. Biol. Rev. 1968, 43, 481–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Kamenetsky, R.; Gutterman, Y. Germination strategies of some Allium species of the subgenus Melanocrommuyum from arid zone of central Asia. J. Arid Environ. 2000, 45, 61–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Specht, C.E.; Keller, E.R.J. Temperature requirements for seed germination in species of the genus Allium L. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 1997, 44, 509–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Leubner-Metzger, G. Brassinosterolids and gibberellins promote tobacco seed germination by distinct pathways. Planta 2001, 213, 758–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Payal, K.; Maikhuri, R.K.; Rao, K.S.; Kandari, L.S. Effect of gibberellic acid and water based presoaking treatments under different temperatures and photoperiods on the seed germination of Allium stracheyi Baker: An endangered alpine species of central Himalaya, India. Plant Biosyst. 2013, 148, 1075–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kaya, M.D.; Kulan, E.G.; Gümüşçü, G.; Gümüşçü, A. Factors affecting germination performance of four endemic Sideritis species in Turkey. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 2015, 21, 406–413. [Google Scholar]
  45. Jaganathan, G.K.; Dalrymple, S.E.; Baolin, L. Towards an understanding of factors controlling seed Bank composition and longevity in the alpine environment. Bot. Rev. 2015, 81, 70–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Chambers, J.C.; MacMahon, J.A.; Haefner, J.H. Seed entrapment in alpine ecosystems: Effects of soil particle size and diaspore morphology. Ecology 1991, 72, 1668–1677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Thompson, K.; Bakker, J.P.; Bekker, R.M. The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
  48. Sedláková, V.; Hanáček, P.; Grulichová, M.; Zablatzká, L.; Smýkal, P. Evaluation of seed dormancy, one of the key domestication traits in chickpea. Agronomy 2021, 12, 2292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Hay, F.R.; Probert, R.J. Advances in seed conservation of wild plant species: A review of recent research. Conserv. Physiol. 2013, 1, cot030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Baskin, C.C.; Baskin, J.M. Breaking seed dormancy during dry storage: A useful tool or major problem for successful restoration via direct seedling? Plants 2020, 9, 636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Kırmızı, S. Biyoçeşitliliğin Korunmasında Tohum Bankasının Rolü. In Biyoloji Alanında Teorik ve Uygulamalı Akademik Çalışmalar; Türkoğlu, Ş., Ed.; İKSAD (ISPEC) Yayınevi: Ankara, Türkiye, 2022; pp. 29–40. [Google Scholar]
  52. European Council and Planta Europa. European plant conservation strategies. In Proceedings of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention Biological Diversity, 6th Meeting, The Hague, The Netherlands, 7–9 April 2002. [Google Scholar]
Agronomy 13 02438 g001
Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of M. bourgaei seeds (a) and seed testa cells (b).
Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of M. bourgaei seeds (a) and seed testa cells (b).
Agronomy 13 02438 g001
Agronomy 13 02438 g002
Figure 2. Dried inflorescence of M. bourgaei with seeds.
Figure 2. Dried inflorescence of M. bourgaei with seeds.
Agronomy 13 02438 g002
Table 1. Germination percentage and MGT of M. bourgaei seeds incubated under three GA3 concentrations at 20 °C in darkness following two months of moist chilling (mean ± SE) (preliminary experiment).
Table 1. Germination percentage and MGT of M. bourgaei seeds incubated under three GA3 concentrations at 20 °C in darkness following two months of moist chilling (mean ± SE) (preliminary experiment).
GA3
Concentration
(mg/L−1)		% GerminationMGT
Distilled water30.4 a ± 4.74.9 a ± 0.8
25031.0 a ± 3.85.3 a ± 0.5
50021.0 a ± 8.95.1 a ± 0.8
100021.0 a ± 1.05.0 a ± 0.2
Lowercase letters were used to compare the germination rates among the GA3 concentrations.
Table 2. Effects of moist chilling on the germination rate of M. bourgaei at three different temperatures and under two light regimes (mean ± SE) (main experiment). Capital letters were used to compare the germination rates among the temperature series, while lowercase letters were used to compare the germination rates among the moist chilling durations.
Table 2. Effects of moist chilling on the germination rate of M. bourgaei at three different temperatures and under two light regimes (mean ± SE) (main experiment). Capital letters were used to compare the germination rates among the temperature series, while lowercase letters were used to compare the germination rates among the moist chilling durations.
TemperatureMoist Chilling DurationDarknessPhotoperiod
20/10 °C0 m00.00 dD ± 00.0000.00 dD ± 00.00
3 m26.00 cC ± 06.8009.00 cC ± 03.00
6 m81.00 abAB ± 07.3080.00 bB ± 07.80
9 m90.00 abB ± 03.5095.00 aA ± 03.00
12 m96.00 aA ± 01.6099.00 aA ± 01.00
15/10 °C0 m00.00 dD ± 00.0000.00 cD ± 00.00
3 m40.00 cCB ± 04.6025.00 bC ± 03.40
6 m85.00 abAB ± 07.1087.00 aB ± 02.50
9 m83.00 abAB ± 01.0089.00 aB ± 03.80
12 m98.00 aA ± 02.0094.00 aA ± 03.90
25/15 °C0 m00.00 dD ± 00.0000.00 cC ± 00.00
3 m13.00 cC ± 01.9018.60 bB ± 03.50
6 m80.00 abAB ± 02.3093.00 aA ± 01.90
9 m97.00 aA ± 03.0098.00 aA ± 02.00
12 m98.00 aA ± 01.5094.00 aA ± 03.50
Table 3. Results of the two-way ANOVA regarding the effects of incubation temperature and moist chilling duration on the germination rate of M. bourgaei seeds. Values are two-way ANOVA F-ratios. p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference among the treatments.
Table 3. Results of the two-way ANOVA regarding the effects of incubation temperature and moist chilling duration on the germination rate of M. bourgaei seeds. Values are two-way ANOVA F-ratios. p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference among the treatments.
FactorGermination Percentage
DarknessPhotoperiod
dfFpFp
Temperature (A)22.0170.1450.6500.527
Duration (B)4378.8990.000148.2120.000
A × B86.1220.0000.8550.561
Error45
Table 4. Effects of moist chilling on the MGT of M. bourgaei seeds at three different temperatures and under two light regimes (mean ± SE) (main experiment). MGT for a 12-month moist chilling duration was not calculated as most of the seeds had already germinated in the meantime. Capital letters were used to compare germination rates among temperature series, while lowercase letters were used to compare germination rates among the moist chilling durations.
Table 4. Effects of moist chilling on the MGT of M. bourgaei seeds at three different temperatures and under two light regimes (mean ± SE) (main experiment). MGT for a 12-month moist chilling duration was not calculated as most of the seeds had already germinated in the meantime. Capital letters were used to compare germination rates among temperature series, while lowercase letters were used to compare germination rates among the moist chilling durations.
Moist Chilling DurationTemperatureDarknessPhotoperiod
3 months20/10 °C13.6 ± 1.9 bD3.9 ± 0.9 bB
15/10 °C10.6 ± 1.2 bCB7.5 ± 3.2 bB
25/15 °C21.1 ± 0.9 bB17.1 ± 3.9 aA
6 months20/10 °C9.3 ± 1.1 aA27.1 ± 3.3 bB
15/10 °C11.6 ± 2.3 aB15.8 ± 1.2 bB
25/15 °C13.3 ± 0.5 aB12.7 ± 0.3 bA
9 months20/10 °C22.5 ± 0.5 abC8.7 ± 0.1 aA
15/10 °C7.2 ± 0.8 abCB6.0 ± 1.4 abB
25/15 °C2.0 ± 0.0 abD2.0 ± 0.0 cB
Table 5. Comparison by two-way ANOVA of the main effects (temperature and light regime treatments) on the mean germination time of M. bourgaei seeds incubated at three temperature series and under two light regimes. Values are two-way ANOVA F-ratios.
Table 5. Comparison by two-way ANOVA of the main effects (temperature and light regime treatments) on the mean germination time of M. bourgaei seeds incubated at three temperature series and under two light regimes. Values are two-way ANOVA F-ratios.
FactorGermination Percentage
DarknessPhotoperiod
dfFpFp
Temperature (A)25.2600.01229.751˂0.001
Duration (B)213.453˂0.0014.2680.25
A × B445.586˂0.00121.640˂0.001
Error27
Table 6. Germination rate and MGT of M. bourgaei seeds incubated under three different GA3 concentrations at 15/10 °C (means ± SE). nd: Not determined due to a low germination rate. Lowercase letters were used to compare the germination rates and MGT among the GA3 concentrations.
Table 6. Germination rate and MGT of M. bourgaei seeds incubated under three different GA3 concentrations at 15/10 °C (means ± SE). nd: Not determined due to a low germination rate. Lowercase letters were used to compare the germination rates and MGT among the GA3 concentrations.
TemperatureGA3
Concentration (mg/L−1)		% GerminationMGT
DarknessPhotoperiodDarknessPhotoperiod
15/10 °CControl00.00 c ± 00.0000.00 c ± 00.00ndnd
25016.60 ab ± 03.3314.60 b ± 05.3309.20 b ± 02.8112.10 ± 01.26
50018.00 b ± 01.3022.60 a ± 03.5021.40 a ± 02.7019.30 ± 03.66
100028.00 a ± 02.3005.30 ab ± 01.3006.10 b ± 00.80nd
Table 7. Comparison by two-way ANOVA of the main effects (light and GA3 concentration) on the germination rate and MGT of GA3-treated M. bourgaei seeds. Values are two-way ANOVA F-ratios.
Table 7. Comparison by two-way ANOVA of the main effects (light and GA3 concentration) on the germination rate and MGT of GA3-treated M. bourgaei seeds. Values are two-way ANOVA F-ratios.
FactorGermination PercentageMGT
DarknessPhotoperiod
dfFpFp
Light (A)12.0060.17078.067˂0.001
Hormone (B)318.801˂0.00135.109˂0.001
A × B324.153˂0.00121.076˂0.001
Error24
Table 8. Seed characteristics of M. bourgaei (mean ± SE) n = 100 seeds.
Table 8. Seed characteristics of M. bourgaei (mean ± SE) n = 100 seeds.
Color1000 Seed Weight (g)Length (mm)Width (mm)Weight (g)ShapeShape of Testa Cells
Black03.20 ± 00.2301.17 ± 00.031.04 ± 00.020.0034 ± 0.0001orbicularStellate-grooved
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kırmızı, S. Effects of Pre-Treatments on Seed Dormancy and Germination of Endemic Muscari bourgaei Baker. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092438

AMA Style

Kırmızı S. Effects of Pre-Treatments on Seed Dormancy and Germination of Endemic Muscari bourgaei Baker. Agronomy. 2023; 13(9):2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092438

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kırmızı, Serap. 2023. "Effects of Pre-Treatments on Seed Dormancy and Germination of Endemic Muscari bourgaei Baker" Agronomy 13, no. 9: 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092438

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop