Agri-Food Waste as a Method for Weed Control and Soil Amendment in Crops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Evaluated Waste
2.2. Waste Extracts for Pot Experiments
2.3. Crop Species for Field Evaluation
2.4. Experimental Set-Up
2.4.1. Pot Trials
Experiment 1—Bioherbicidal Effect of Different Waste on Emerging Spring–Summer Weeds
Experiment 2—Bioherbicidal Effect of Different Waste on Emerging Autumn Weeds
2.4.2. Field Evaluation
Experiment 3—Evaluation of Agri-Food Waste Effects on Spring–Summer Crops and Associated Weeds
Experiment 4—Evaluation of Agri-Food Waste Effect on Autumn Crops and Associated Weeds
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Bioherbicidal Effect on Emerging Common Weeds in Pots
3.2. Waste Performance in Field Crops
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Abbreviation | Dose |
---|---|---|
River water/no waste (negative control) (L ha−1) | C | 45,418.8 |
Vicia faba pod extract (L ha−1) | FE | 45,418.8 |
Urtica dioca extract (L ha−1) | UE | 45,418.8 |
Vicia faba pod waste (Mg ha−1) | F | 28 |
Urtica dioca waste (Mg ha−1) | U | 9 |
Herbicide (positive control) (L ha−1) | H | 3 |
Treatment | Abbreviation | Dose |
---|---|---|
River water/no waste (negative control) (L ha−1) | C | 45,418.8 |
Vicia faba pod extract (L ha−1) | FE | 45,418.8 |
Urtica dioca extract (L ha−1) | UE | 45,418.8 |
Vicia faba pod waste (Mg ha−1) | F | 9 |
Urtica dioca waste (Mg ha−1) | U | 9 |
Spent coffee grounds waste (Mg ha−1) | CG | 28 |
Corn cob waste (Mg ha−1) | CC | 9 |
Herbicide (positive control) (L ha−1) | H | 3 |
Treatment | pH | Organic Matter (%) | N (%) | P2O5 (mg kg−1) | K2O (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
River water/no waste (negative control) | 6.06 ± 0.17 c | 2.70 ± 0.28 c | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 422 ± 120 | 390 ± 160 |
Vicia faba pod extract | 6.40 ± 0.17 ab | 2.81 ± 0.28 bc | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 358 ± 120 | 413 ± 160 |
Urtica dioca extract | 6.44 ± 0.17 ab | 2.80 ± 0.28 bc | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 298 ± 120 | 346 ± 160 |
Vicia faba pod waste | 6.41 ± 0.17 ab | 3.15 ± 0.28 b | 0.19 ± 0.02 ab | 350 ± 120 | 576 ± 160 |
Urtica dioca waste | 6.57 ± 0.17 a | 3.12 ± 0.28 bc | 0.19 ± 0.02 ab | 390 ± 120 | 442 ± 160 |
Spent coffee grounds waste | 6.28 ± 0.17 bc | 3.86 ± 0.28 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 309 ± 120 | 316 ± 160 |
Corn cob waste | 6.46 ± 0.17 ab | 2.91 ± 0.28 bc | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | 255 ± 120 | 373 ± 160 |
Herbicide (positive control) | 6.32 ± 0.17 abc | 2.73 ± 0.28 bc | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 388 ± 120 | 333 ± 160 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.116 | 0.052 |
Season | Source of Variation | Source Level | pH | Organic Matter (%) | N (%) | P2O5 (mg kg−1) | K2O (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring–Summer | Treatment (Tr) | C | 6.79 ± 0.17 | 1.89 ± 0.30 | 0.123 ± 0.02 | 191 ± 120.0 | 227 ± 63.0 |
F | 6.90 ± 0.17 | 1.91 ± 0.30 | 0.129 ± 0.02 | 251 ± 120.0 | 265 ± 63.0 | ||
CG | 6.89 ± 0.17 | 2.06 ± 0.30 | 0.144 ± 0.02 | 218 ± 120.0 | 267 ± 63.0 | ||
CC | 6.96 ± 0.17 | 1.88 ± 0.29 | 0.130 ± 0.02 | 215 ± 120.1 | 295 ± 63.0 | ||
p | 0.285 | 0.643 | 0.137 | 0.817 | 0.259 | ||
Time (t) | W4 | 6.92 ± 0.11 | 2.07 ± 0.19 a | 0.133 ± 0.01 | 246 ± 75.0 | 309 ± 40.0 a | |
W8 | 6.84 ± 0.11 | 1.80 ± 0.18 b | 0.129 ± 0.01 | 192 ± 75.0 | 218 ± 39.0 b | ||
p | 0.207 | 0.021 | 0.559 | 0.196 | 0.001 | ||
Tr × t | C W4 | 6.83 ± 0.2 | 1.80 ± 0.46 | 0.123 ± 0.03 | 191 ± 188.0 | 271 ± 98.6 | |
F W4 | 6.95 ± 0.26 | 2.15 ± 0.46 | 0.139 ± 0.03 | 306 ± 188.2 | 335 ± 98.6 | ||
CG W4 | 6.95 ± 0.26 | 2.23 ± 0.47 | 0.141 ± 0.03 | 234 ± 188.2 | 298 ± 98.9 | ||
CC W4 | 6.97 ± 0.27 | 2.10 ± 0.46 | 0.130 ± 0.03 | 252 ± 188.2 | 334 ± 99.0 | ||
C W8 | 6.75 ± 0.26 | 1.99 ± 0.47 | 0.122 ± 0.03 | 190 ± 188.0 | 184 ± 98.8 | ||
F W8 | 6.85 ± 0.26 | 1.66 ± 0.46 | 0.119 ± 0.03 | 197 ± 188.0 | 196 ± 98.5 | ||
CG W8 | 6.83 ± 0.27 | 1.89 ± 0.46 | 0.147 ± 0.03 | 202 ± 188.0 | 237 ± 99.0 | ||
CC W8 | 6.95 ± 0.2 | 1.66 ± 0.46 | 0.130 ± 0.03 | 178 ± 188.5 | 256 ± 98.9 | ||
p | 0.950 | 0.139 | 0.528 | 0.884 | 0.670 | ||
Autumn | Treatment | C | 6.41 ± 0.17 a | 1.92 ± 0.21 ab | 0.146 ± 0.01 ab | 244 ± 69.0 a | 304 ± 74.0 a |
F | 6.15 ± 0.18 b | 1.82 ± 0.21 b | 0.126 ± 0.01 c | 122 ± 34.2 b | 191 ± 74.0 b | ||
CG | 6.39 ± 0.18 ab | 2.16 ± 0.21 a | 0.161 ± 0.01 a | 299 ± 103.0 a | 247 ± 74.0 ab | ||
CC | 6.36 ± 0.18 ab | 2.04 ± 0.21 ab | 0.141 ± 0.01 bc | 186 ± 52.0 ab | 203 ± 74.0 ab | ||
p | 0.032 | 0.023 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.023 | ||
Time | W4 | 6.29 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.13 | 0.149 ± 0.01 a | 264 ± 54.0 a | 248 ± 46.0 | |
W8 | 6.36 ± 0.11 | 1.95 ± 0.13 | 0.138 ± 0.01 b | 161 ± 31.0 b | 224 ± 46.0 | ||
p | 0.263 | 0.438 | 0.036 | 0.009 | 0.396 | ||
Tr × t | C W4 | 6.36 ± 0.28 | 1.97 ± 0.33 | 0.158 ± 0.02 | 228 ± 99.0 bc | 313 ±116.0 | |
F W4 | 6.06 ± 0.27 | 1.81 ± 0.33 | 0.129 ± 0.02 | 133 ± 57.6 bcd | 196 ± 116.0 | ||
CG W4 | 6.36 ± 0.27 | 2.27 ± 0.33 | 0.167 ± 0.02 | 512 ± 221.5 a | 261 ± 115.4 | ||
CC W4 | 6.38 ± 0.27 | 2.00 ± 0.33 | 0.142 ± 0.02 | 185 ± 80.1 bc | 221 ± 115.0 | ||
C W8 | 6.46 ± 0.28 | 1.87 ± 0.33 | 0.135 ± 0.02 | 261 ± 112.8 ab | 294 ± 116.0 | ||
F W8 | 6.24 ± 0.28 | 1.82 ± 0.33 | 0.123 ± 0.02 | 111 ± 48.0 cd | 185 ± 115.2 | ||
CG W8 | 6.42 ± 0.28 | 2.05 ± 0.33 | 0.154 ± 0.02 | 85 ± 36.8 d | 233 ± 116.0 | ||
CC W8 | 6.33 ± 0.28 | 2.08 ± 0.33 | 0.140 ± 0.02 | 187 ± 81.6 bc | 185 ± 115.7 | ||
p | 0.677 | 0.537 | 0.448 | <0.001 | 0.989 |
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Lorenzo, P.; Guilherme, R.; Barbosa, S.; Ferreira, A.J.D.; Galhano, C. Agri-Food Waste as a Method for Weed Control and Soil Amendment in Crops. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051184
Lorenzo P, Guilherme R, Barbosa S, Ferreira AJD, Galhano C. Agri-Food Waste as a Method for Weed Control and Soil Amendment in Crops. Agronomy. 2022; 12(5):1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051184
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo, Paula, Rosa Guilherme, Sara Barbosa, António J. D. Ferreira, and Cristina Galhano. 2022. "Agri-Food Waste as a Method for Weed Control and Soil Amendment in Crops" Agronomy 12, no. 5: 1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051184