Utilization of Biochar for Eliminating Residual Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Used in Agricultural Irrigation: Application to Ryegrass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater and Biochar Sources and Characterization
2.2. Wastewater Treatment with Different Biochar Doses
2.3. Application of Wastewater for Irrigation
2.4. Pharmaceutical Concentrations in Soil and Ryegrass Samples
2.5. Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolytic Activities (FDHA) Experiment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Wastewater Treatment with Biochar
3.2. Pharamceutical Concentrations in Soil and Plant Samples after Irrigation with Biochar-Treated Wastewater
3.3. Ryegrass Fresh Biomass after Irrigation with Biochar Treated Wastewater
3.4. Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolytic Activities (FDHA)
4. Discussion
4.1. Wastewater Treatments with Biochar
4.2. Pharmaceuticals Concentrations in Soil and Ryegrass
4.3. Impacts on Plant Biomass and Soil Microbial Activities
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Standard Protocol | Concentration (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|
pH | ČSN ISO 10523, 757365 | 7.2 ± 0.1 |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) | ČSN EN ISO 5815-1, ČSN EN 1899-2 | 3.6 ± 0.1 |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | ČSN ISO 15705 | 34.0 ± 0.6 |
Total suspended solid (TSS) | ČSN EN 872, ČSN 75 7350 | 21.0 ± 1.0 |
Total nitrogen | ČSN ISO 15705 | 16.0 ± 1 |
Total phosphorus | ČSN EN ISO 6878 | 1.8 ± 0.1 |
Total organic carbon | ČSN EN 1484 | 16.0 ± 0.7 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH solution (H2O) | 10.0 ± 0.8 |
Functional groups (-COOH, -OH) (mmol g−1) | 0.386 ± 0.02 |
Area of micropores (m2 g−1) | 325.7 ± 30.3 |
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (m2 g−1) | 571.6 ± 9.2 |
Contaminant | Concentration at Treatment Level (ng L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
trt0 | trt0.1 | trt0.25 | trt0.5 | |
3-Hydroxycarbamazepine | 88.9 ± 8 a | 34.9 ± 3.3 b | <25 ± 5 c | <25 ± 5 c |
Acebutolol | 184 ± 16.7 a | 84.9 ± 7 b | 60.7 ± 4.1 bc | 41.6 ± 4.3 c |
Acridine | 255 ± 21 a | 230 ± 15.9 ab | 212 ± 22.4 abc | 203 ± 10.7 bc |
Atenolol | 104 ± 10.8 a | 94.2 ± 8.8 ab | 78.3 ± 5.7 bc | 68.2 ± 6.6 c |
Bezafibrate | 72.3 ± 4.5 a | 70.9 ± 4.2 a | 70.7 ± 4.1 a | 69.6 ± 3.9 a |
Caffeine | 29,191 ± 838 a | 20,109 ± 422 b | 11,664 ± 333 c | 3247 ± 249 d |
Carbamazepine | 543 ± 29 a | 209 ± 21.9 b | 109 ± 9.9 c | 53 ± 4.6 d |
Clarithromycin | 1070 ± 114 a | 673 ± 35 b | 227 ± 15.4 c | 112 ± 10.3 c |
Diclofenac | 2195 ± 139 a | 132 ± 9.5 b | 261 ± 22.2 b | 130 ± 9 b |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 2972 ± 194 a | 1898 ± 80 b | 890 ± 78 c | 410 ± 22 d |
Iopamidol | 25,667 ± 133 a | 24,920 ± 984 ab | 17,879 ± 576 c | 15,014 ± 301 d |
Metoprolol | 346 ± 29.3 a | 135 ± 7 b | <25 ± 5 c | <25 ± 5 c |
N-acetylsulfamethoxazole | 2514 ± 103 a | 2341 ± 168 a | 2263 ± 53 a | 1226 ± 45 b |
Pentoxifylline | 172 ± 14.4 a | 129 ± 8.8 b | 94 ± 8.8 c | 66.9 ± 5.4 d |
Phenazone | 1121 ± 24 a | 964 ± 62 b | 583 ± 27 c | 251 ± 20 d |
Primidone | 180 ± 16.1 a | 157 ± 11.4 a | 124 ± 8.8 b | 100 ± 10 b |
Sulfamethoxazole | 236 ± 17.2 a | 173 ± 14.5 b | 185 ± 17 bc | 147 ± 9.5 c |
Tramadol | 1057 ± 81 a | 836 ± 67 b | 599 ± 20 c | 381 ± 16.1 d |
Trimethoprim | 467 ± 33.3 a | 205 ± 11 b | 77.7 ± 5.5 c | 34.3 ± 2.9 c |
Venlafaxine | 594 ± 29 a | 420 ± 23.9 b | 259 ± 11.7 c | 124 ± 4.7 d |
Contaminant | Concentration in Soil (ng g−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | S0.1 | S0.25 | S0.5 | G0 | G0.1 | G0.25 | G0.5 | |
Acebutolol | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 abc | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.03 ab | 0.19 ± 0.00 ab | 0.11 ± 0.03 abc | <0.08 ± 0.00 c | <0.08 ± 0.00 c |
Acridine | 1.24 ± 0.07 a | 1.45 ± 0.23 a | 1.45 ± 0.28 a | 1.77 ± 0.37 a | 1.87 ± 0.40 a | 1.78 ± 0.43 a | 1.83 ± 0.41 a | 1.84 ± 0.67 a |
Caffeine | 7.82 ± 1.77 a | 7.56 ± 1.69 a | 7.59 ± 0.86 a | 7.59 ± 0.80 a | 7.99 ± 0.75 a | 8.65 ± 1.60 a | 7.53 ± 0.82 a | 7.35 ± 0.43 a |
Carbamazepine | 0.56 ± 0.08 a | 0.41 ± 0.08 a | 0.35 ± 0.06 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.55 ± 0.04 a | 0.37 ± 0.09 a | 0.32 ± 0.06 a | 0.25 ± 0.02 a |
Clarithromycin | 1.76 ± 0.63 a | 1.20 ± 0.14 a | 1.25 ± 0.83 a | 0.93 ± 0.49 a | 2.25 ± 1.59 a | 0.93 ± 0.23 a | 0.61 ± 0.07 a | 0.62 ± 0.04 a |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 1.63 ± 0.50 a | 0.90 ± 0.27 a | 0.70 ± 0.34 a | 0.43 ± 0.05 a | 1.99 ± 0.34 a | 0.97 ± 0.39 a | 0.58 ± 0.36 a | 0.23 ± 0.17 a |
N-acetylsulfamethoxazole | 2.42 ± 0.19 a | 2.30 ± 0.37 a | 2.37 ± 0.47 a | 2.19 ± 0.27 a | 2.25 ± 0.20 a | 2.32 ± 0.31 a | 2.72 ± 0.33 a | 2.39 ± 0.28 a |
Phenazone | 1.21 ± 0.30 ab | 0.76 ± 0.12 ab | 0.74 ± 0.23 ab | 0.74 ± 0.14 ab | 1.45 ± 0.69 a | 0.98 ± 0.47 ab | 0.87 ± 0.43 ab | 0.57 ± 0.16 b |
Sulfamethoxazole | 0.51 ± 0.05 ab | 0.42 ± 0.02 ab | 0.32 ± 0.16 ab | 0.22 ± 0.03 ab | 0.65 ± 0.03 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 ab | 0.38 ± 0.02 ab | <0.08 ± 0.00 b |
Tramadol | 1.03 ± 0.61 a | 0.57 ± 0.24 ab | 0.54 ± 0.33 ab | 0.21 ± 0.05 b | 0.36 ± 0.21 b | 0.49 ± 0.23 ab | 0.17 ± 0.05 b | 0.11 ± 0.05 b |
Trimethoprim | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.04 a | 0.21 ± 0.09 a | 0.16 ± 0.09 a | 0.42 ± 0.32 a | 0.37 ± 0.32 a | 0.16 ± 0.09 a | <0.08 ± 0.00 a |
Venlafaxine | 0.51 ± 0.09 a | 0.44 ± 0.05 a | 0.44 ± 0.17 a | 0.53 ± 0.40 a | 0.44 ± 0.35 a | 0.36 ± 0.07 a | 0.24 ± 0.04 a | 0.27 ± 0.09 a |
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Akintoroye, M.; Newton, R.A.; Kříženecká, S.; Hejda, S.; Krystyník, P.; Ahnert, M.; Trögl, J.; Krebs, P.; Al Souki, K.S. Utilization of Biochar for Eliminating Residual Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Used in Agricultural Irrigation: Application to Ryegrass. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122987
Akintoroye M, Newton RA, Kříženecká S, Hejda S, Krystyník P, Ahnert M, Trögl J, Krebs P, Al Souki KS. Utilization of Biochar for Eliminating Residual Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Used in Agricultural Irrigation: Application to Ryegrass. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122987
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkintoroye, Mayowa, Robert Ato Newton, Sylvie Kříženecká, Stanislav Hejda, Pavel Krystyník, Markus Ahnert, Josef Trögl, Peter Krebs, and Karim Suhail Al Souki. 2022. "Utilization of Biochar for Eliminating Residual Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Used in Agricultural Irrigation: Application to Ryegrass" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122987