Foliar Application of Zn Alleviates Salt Stress Symptoms of Pak Choi Plants by Activating Water Relations and Glucosinolate Synthesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
- Salinity experiment.
- (i)
- Control: the plants were grown without NaCl (Hoagland solution).
- (ii)
- Salinity: NaCl concentrations of 40, 80, 120 or 160 mM were added to the nutrient solution.
The treatments were applied the same day and were maintained for 15 days. - Zn foliar application.
- (i)
- Control: the plants were grown without foliar Zn application.
- (ii)
- (Zn solutions: 3 mL per plant, containing zinc sulphate at concentrations of 50, 100, 500 or 1000 µM, with 0.1% non-ionic, organo-silicon surfactant, were sprayed onto the leaves three times a week for one week. As we had found previously that 25 µM zinc sulphate did not produce any negative effect on plant biomass [32], in this experiment, to check the levels of toxicity, the lowest concentration was 50 µM.
- Combination treatments.Based on the results of the previous experiments, main dosages of NaCl or Zn were used to carry out this one. The experiment was carried out for 15 days and included two levels of nutrient solution salinity (0 and 80 mM NaCl) for two weeks and three levels of Zn (0, 25 and 50 µM) applied as a foliar solution by spraying (3 mL per plant) three times in the last week of the experiment. One day after the last Zn application, the gas exchange parameters were determined, and tissue samples were collected for the rest of the measurements.All samples were collected 45 days after germination, washed thoroughly with tap water and 0.1% non-ionic detergent, and washed twice with distilled water before being frozen at −80 °C. Then, the samples were lyophilized and weighed to obtain the dry weight.
2.2. Gas Exchange Parameters
2.3. Ion Concentrations
2.4. Histochemical Staining and Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration
2.5. Zynpyr-1 Staining
2.6. GSLs Determination
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Zn Foliar Application or Salinity on Plant Growth
3.2. Effects of Salinity and Zn Application on Pak Choi Plants
3.2.1. Plant Growth and Gas Exchange Parameters
3.2.2. Plasma Membrane Integrity and Lipid Peroxidation
3.2.3. Zn-Pyr Staining
3.2.4. Ion Concentrations
3.2.5. Glucosinolate Concentrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shoot Biomass (g DW) | Root Biomass (g DW) | Transpiration (mmol m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (mmol m−2 s−1)) | Assimilation (µmol m−2 s−1) | CI (mmol m−2 s−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Salinity (mM) | Salinity (mM) | Salinity (mM) | Salinity (mM) | Salinity (mM) | Salinity (mM) | ||||||
Zn Applied (µM) | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 |
0 | 7.90 ± 0.47 | 4.66 ± 0.89 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 3.45 ± 0.21 | 3.74 ± 0.25 | 628.14 ± 50.71 | 524 ± 53.16 | 6.78 ± 0.79 | 9.90 ± 1.16 | 370.40 ± 26.73 | 206.50 ± 18.51 |
25 | 10.05 ± 0.93 | 7.84 ± 0.77 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 1.01 ± 0.07 | 3.77 ± 0.20 | 6.12 ± 0.16 | 709.09 ± 44.87 | 618 ± 22.20 | 21.53 ± 4.34 | 16.8 ± 0.97 | 534.82 ± 66.92 | 333.01 ± 25.59 |
50 | 8.26 ± 1.06 | 7.52 ± 1.78 | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 3.31 ± 0.22 | 5.72 ± 0.30 | 632.59 ± 41.19 | 630 ± 69.04 | 13.91 ± 1.82 | 15.64 ± 1.18 | 528.71 ± 58.37 | 294.3 ± 35.05 |
p-value | ** | *** | n.s. | * | n.s | ** | n.s. | ** | *** | ** | ** | ** |
LSD | 1.28 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 44.18 | 35.41 | 4.28 | 1.67 | 29.64 | 31.04 |
Analysis of the variance | ||||||||||||
Salinity | *** | n.s. | *** | n.s. | *** | *** | ||||||
Zn Dosages | ** | n.s. | *** | n.s. | ** | *** | ||||||
S x D | ** | n.s. | ** | * | ** | *** | ||||||
LSD | 1.09 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 42.89 | 1.14 | 28.61 |
Ca (mg g−1 DW) | Mg (mg g−1 DW) | K (mg g−1 DW) | Na (mg g−1 DW) | P (mg g−1 DW) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | ||||||
Zn Applied (µM) | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | |
0 | 29.20 ± 1.4 | 23.11 ± 0.13 | 2.81 ± 0.08 | 2.2 ± 0.24 | 36.1 ± 1.82 | 24.15 ± 1.01 | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 27.21 ± 3.15 | 4.31 ± 0.39 | 5.9 ± 0.28 | |
25 | 30.91± 0.7 | 21.12 ± 4.40 | 3.03 ± 0.10 | 2.1 ± 0.16 | 39.7 ± 1.17 | 17.98 ± 0.37 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 24.92 ± 3.54 | 4.01± 0.23 | 6.64 ± 0.75 | |
50 | 32.94± 0.6 | 20.4 ± 1.41 | 2.9 ± 0.39 | 2.0 ± 0.13 | 36.17 ± 3.34 | 18.95 ± 0.31 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 24.21 ± 1.97 | 4.21 ± 0.45 | 5.14 ± 0.53 | |
p-value | n.s. | n.s | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
LSD | 0.84 | 0.59 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 0.86 | 0.06 | 1.93 | 0.33 | 0.6 | |
Analysis of variance | |||||||||||
Salinity | *** | n.s | ** | *** | * | ||||||
Zn Dosages | n.s. | n.s | n.s. | n.s. | n.s | ||||||
S x D | n.s. | n.s. | *** | *** | * | ||||||
LSD | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.97 | 1.71 | 0.48 |
Fe (µg g−1 DW) | Mn (µg g−1 DW) | Cu (µg g−1 DW) | Zn (µg g−1 DW) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | ||||
Zn Applied (µM) | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 |
0 | 48.31 ± 3.48 | 58.58 ± 3.14 | 60.67 ± 2.46 | 68.17 ± 2.32 | 1.97 ± 0.17 | 2.15 ± 0.23 | 45.36 ± 0.15 | 51.59 ± 1.21 |
25 | 50.41 ± 3.17 | 63.67 ± 5.13 | 56.91 ± 3.74 | 74.05 ± 5.44 | 2.24 ± 0.07 | 2.23 ± 0.07 | 58.62 ± 1.40 | 70.43 ± 1.25 |
50 | 48.43 ± 2.83 | 59.17 ± 5.04 | 5714 ± 5.42 | 73.52 ± 6.17 | 1.91 ± 0.32 | 2.21 ± 0.16 | 59.11 ± 2.42 | 66.43 ± 0.32 |
p-value | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s | n.s | *** | *** |
LSD | 2.03 | 4.63 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 2.03 | 0.97 |
Analysis of variance | ||||||||
Salinity | n.s. | * | n.s | ** | ||||
Zn Dosages | n.s. | * | n.s. | *** | ||||
S x D | * | ** | n.s. | ** | ||||
LSD | 4.11 | 2.57 | 0.24 | 1.16 |
Ca (mg g−1 DW) | Mg (mg g−1 DW) | K (mg g−1 DW) | Na (mg g−1 DW) | P (mg g−1 DW) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | |||||
Zn Applied (µM) | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 |
0 | 16.15 ± 1.03 | 6.69 ± 0.60 | 3.83 ± 0.07 | 2.74 ± 0.12 | 47.45 ± 1.73 | 26.35 ± 1.67 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 29.90 ± 2.56 | 7.89 ± 0.30 | 7.39 ± 0.30 |
25 | 15.75 ± 1.4 | 7.81 ± 0.45 | 3.55 ± 0.22 | 2.81 ± 0.10 | 41.83 ± 2.45 | 29.86 ± 1.29 | 0.80 ± 0.12 | 31.54 ± 1.34 | 7.19 ± 0.45 | 7.72 ± 0.46 |
50 | 14.50 ± 0.43 | 8.00 ± 0.90 | 4.15 ± 0.12 | 3.83 ± 0.29 | 48.46 ± 1.78 | 28.39 ± 2.12 | 0.99 ± 0.10 | 28.39 ± 1.07 | 7.52 ± 0.19 | 7.72 ± 0.77 |
p-value | n.s. | * | * | n.s. | * | ** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
LSD | 1.23 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 1.55 | 2.03 | 0.09 | 1.28 | 0.38 | 0.27 |
Analysis of variance | ||||||||||
Salinity | *** | * | *** | *** | n.s. | |||||
Zn Dosages | n.s. | n.s | ** | *** | n.s | |||||
S x D | *** | *** | *** | *** | n.s. | |||||
LSD | 0.23 | 0.17 | 1.58 | 0.98 | 0.11 |
Fe (µg g−1 DW) | Mn (µg g−1 DW) | Cu (µg g−1 DW) | Zn (µg g−1 DW) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | Salinity | ||||
Zn Applied (µM) | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 |
0 | 853.30 ± 50.96 | 573.97 ± 36.25 | 30.17 ± 1.08 | 24.02 ± 1.94 | 21.85 ± 1.24 | 19.22 ± 1.86 | 33.67 ± 1.52 | 27.01 ± 1.25 |
25 | 995.59 ± 94.03 | 684.41 ± 66.10 | 29.28 ± 1.68 | 30.19 ± 1.19 | 25.68 ± 2.14 | 22.47 ± 2.33 | 42.76 ± 2.01 | 45.01 ± 2.22 |
50 | 1184.37 ± 29.54 | 743.19 ± 67.02 | 31.62 ± 0.95 | 36.47 ± 1.91 | 24.38 ± 0.56 | 22.88 ± 1.80 | 43.04 ± 1.25 | 38.15 ± 2.19 |
p-value | n.s. | * | n.s. | * | n.s | n.s | ** | *** |
LSD | 62.55 | 34.51 | 1.12 | 0.92 | 1.25 | 1.94 | 2.08 | 2.34 |
Analysis of variance | ||||||||
Salinity | *** | n.s. | n.s | n.s. | ||||
Zn Dosages | *** | * | n.s. | ** | ||||
S x D | ** | n.s. | n.s. | ** | ||||
LSD | 49.57 | 1.43 | 1.28 | 1.11 |
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Fatemi, H.; Carvajal, M.; Rios, J.J. Foliar Application of Zn Alleviates Salt Stress Symptoms of Pak Choi Plants by Activating Water Relations and Glucosinolate Synthesis. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101528
Fatemi H, Carvajal M, Rios JJ. Foliar Application of Zn Alleviates Salt Stress Symptoms of Pak Choi Plants by Activating Water Relations and Glucosinolate Synthesis. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101528
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatemi, Hamideh, Micaela Carvajal, and Juan José Rios. 2020. "Foliar Application of Zn Alleviates Salt Stress Symptoms of Pak Choi Plants by Activating Water Relations and Glucosinolate Synthesis" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101528