Functional Aromatic Polyamides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis and Processing
2.1. Low and High Temperature Solution Synthetic Methods
2.2. Alternative Synthetic Methods
2.3. Processing
3. Synthesis of Functional Aromatic Polyamides with Controlled Structure
3.1. Chain-Growth Polycondensation
3.2. Constitutional Isomerism
3.3. Aromatic Polyamides with Spherical-Like Structures
4. Aromatic Polyamides with Selected Properties and Applications
4.1. Polyamides with High Thermal Stability and Flame-Retardant Properties
4.2. Mechanical Properties
4.3. Sensing and Extraction Applications
4.4. Film, Membranes and Transport Properties
4.5. Optically Active and Fluorescent Polyamides
4.6. Electrochemical and Electrochromic Properties
4.7. Electrical and Magnetic Properties
4.8. Inherent Coloration
4.9. Aromatic Polyamides with Improved Solubility
4.10. Designing New Materials Based on Polyamides
5. Selected Polyamide Structures
5.1. Polyamides with Heterocyclic Rings in the Main Chain
5.2. Fluorinated Polyamides
5.3. Miscellaneous
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
DMA | N,N-dimethylacetamide |
DMF | N,N-dimethylformamide |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
DSC | differential scanning calorimetry |
EDG | electron-donating group |
EWG | electron-withdrawing group |
ηinh | inherent viscosity |
IPC | isophthaloyl dichloride |
Mn, Mw | number-average and weight-average molecular masses |
MPD | m-phenylenediamine |
NMP | N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone |
ODA | 3,4-diaminodiphenyl ether |
ODA/PPTA | 3,4-diaminodiphenyl ether/poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) |
MPIA | poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) |
POSS | polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane |
PPD | p-phenylenediamine |
PPTA | poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) |
Tg | glass-transition temperature |
Tm | melting temperature |
TEG | tri(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether |
THF | tetrahydrofuran |
TPA | triphenylamine |
TPPA | N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine |
TPC | terephthaloyl dichloride |
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Aramid type | Brand names | Company | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PPTA | MPIA | ODA/PPTA | ||
X | Kevlar® | DuPont, Wilmington, DE, United States | ||
X | Nomex® | |||
X | Twaron® | Teijin, Arnhem, the Netherlands | ||
X | Teijinconex® | |||
X | Technora® | |||
X | Heracron® | Kolon Industries, Seoul, Korea | ||
X | Alkex® | Hyosung, Seoul, Korea | ||
X | Meta Aramid Yarn & Thread® | SRO Group, Heatherbrae, New South Wales, Australia | ||
X | Taparan® Para-aramid | Yantai Tayho Advanced Materials Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China | ||
X | Newstar® Meta-Aramid | |||
X | Arawin® | Toray Chemical Korea Inc., Seoul, Korea | ||
X | Metaone | Huvis, Seoul, Korea |
Reference | Tensile strength (MPa) | Young’s moduli (GPa) | Elongation at break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
[44] | 71–115 | 2.7–3.2 | 6–9 |
[55] | 63.9–81.6 | – | 7.2–11.4 |
[56] | 79–93 | 1.7–2.6 | 9–15 |
[57] | Up to 88 | Up to 1.81 | Up to 25 |
[58] | 82–106 | 2.0–2.8 | 10–25 |
[59] | 86–109 | 2.15–2.63 | 13–22 |
[60] | 72.5–87.3 | 2.35–2.87 | 5.3–9.5 |
[61] | Up to 131 | Up to 3.5 | Up to 4.5 |
Reference | Main electroactive group | Auxiliary EDG or EWG | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
[41] | triphenylamine, TPA | -- | hyperbranched |
[115] | -- | ||
[121] | 3,6-dimethoxycarbazole | ||
[112,122] | 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole | ||
[96,101,103] | methyl, trifluoromethyl | ||
[104] | 4-tert-butyl | ||
[99,116,117,118] | 2,4-dimethoxy | ||
[102] | adamantylphenoxy | ||
[105] | -- | ether-linked bis(triphenylamine) | |
[106] | piperidinyl | ||
[108] | morpholinyl | ||
[97] | TPA (pendant) | -- | |
[107,109,113] | TPA or carbazole | electrompolymerization | |
[110,124,125] | diphenylpyrenylamine | ||
[98] | carbazole | methoxy | |
[114] | carbazole (pendant) | ||
[119,120,123] | N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, TPPA | tert-butyl | |
[111] | methoxy | ||
[100] | bis(diphenylamino)naphthalene | metoxy | |
[126] | diphenylfluorenylamine | methyl | |
[127] | aniline pentamer/azo group |
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Reglero Ruiz, J.A.; Trigo-López, M.; García, F.C.; García, J.M. Functional Aromatic Polyamides. Polymers 2017, 9, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090414
Reglero Ruiz JA, Trigo-López M, García FC, García JM. Functional Aromatic Polyamides. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090414
Chicago/Turabian StyleReglero Ruiz, José A., Miriam Trigo-López, Félix C. García, and José M. García. 2017. "Functional Aromatic Polyamides" Polymers 9, no. 9: 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090414