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Polymers
Volume 18
Issue 3
10.3390/polym18030426
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Enhancing Antibacterial Dental Matrices: Balancing Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties Through Quaternary Ammonium UDMA Analogues

by
Marta Chrószcz-Porębska
1,
Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
2,3,
Izabella Ślęzak-Prochazka
3,
Grzegorz Chladek
4 and
Izabela Maria Barszczewska-Rybarek
5,*
1
Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 6 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
3
Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
4
Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland
5
Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2026, 18(3), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030426
Submission received: 21 January 2026 / Revised: 31 January 2026 / Accepted: 5 February 2026 / Published: 6 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Biomaterials for Dental Regeneration and Antimicrobial Applications)
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Abstract

The research hypothesis was that adjusting the content of the quaternary ammonium urethane dimethacrylate monomer bearing an N-dodecyl substituent (QAUDMA-12) would yield dental matrices with high antimicrobial activity, good biocompatibility, and favorable physicochemical properties. The research hypothesis was verified for six Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and UDMA copolymers containing from 2.5 to 40 wt.% QAUDMA-12 by determining their degree of conversion, hardness, flexural properties, water behavior, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and cytotoxicity towards L929 mouse fibroblast cells. The research hypothesis was confirmed. Copolymers containing less than 30 wt.% QAUDMA-12 exhibited favorable polymerization efficiency, water sorption and solubility, and mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional Bis-GMA/TEGDMA systems. At the same time, they showed no cytotoxic effects toward mouse fibroblast cells. The results of antimicrobial tests show that the minimum QAUDMA-12 concentration providing sufficient antimicrobial activity was 20 wt.%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 20 wt.% concentration of QAUDMA-12 makes it possible to obtain dental matrices that are non-toxic, exhibit antimicrobial activity, and possess the desired physico-mechanical performance.
Keywords: dental materials; quaternary ammonium compounds; antibacterial dental matrices; physico-mechanical properties; photopolymerization dental materials; quaternary ammonium compounds; antibacterial dental matrices; physico-mechanical properties; photopolymerization
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chrószcz-Porębska, M.; Kazek-Kęsik, A.; Ślęzak-Prochazka, I.; Chladek, G.; Barszczewska-Rybarek, I.M. Enhancing Antibacterial Dental Matrices: Balancing Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties Through Quaternary Ammonium UDMA Analogues. Polymers 2026, 18, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030426

AMA Style

Chrószcz-Porębska M, Kazek-Kęsik A, Ślęzak-Prochazka I, Chladek G, Barszczewska-Rybarek IM. Enhancing Antibacterial Dental Matrices: Balancing Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties Through Quaternary Ammonium UDMA Analogues. Polymers. 2026; 18(3):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030426

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrószcz-Porębska, Marta, Alicja Kazek-Kęsik, Izabella Ślęzak-Prochazka, Grzegorz Chladek, and Izabela Maria Barszczewska-Rybarek. 2026. "Enhancing Antibacterial Dental Matrices: Balancing Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties Through Quaternary Ammonium UDMA Analogues" Polymers 18, no. 3: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030426

APA Style

Chrószcz-Porębska, M., Kazek-Kęsik, A., Ślęzak-Prochazka, I., Chladek, G., & Barszczewska-Rybarek, I. M. (2026). Enhancing Antibacterial Dental Matrices: Balancing Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties Through Quaternary Ammonium UDMA Analogues. Polymers, 18(3), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030426

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