Experimental Study on Mechanical Performance of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Plates with Different Bolted Connection Configurations

Basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites are increasingly utilized in photovoltaic mounting systems due to their excellent mechanical properties and durability. Bolted connections, valued for their simplicity, ease of installation, and effective load transfer, are widely employed for joining composite components. An orthogonal experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of key parameters—including bolt end distance, number of bolts, bolt material, bolt diameter, preload, and connection length—on the load-bearing performance of three bolted BFRP plate configurations: lap joint (DJ), single lap joint (DP), and double lap joint (SP). Test results showed that the DJ connection exhibited the highest average tensile load capacity, exceeding those of the SP and DP connections by 45.3% and 50.2%, respectively. This superiority is attributed to the DJ specimen’s longer effective shear length and greater number of load-bearing bolts. Conversely, the SP connection demonstrated the largest average peak displacement, with increases of 29.7% and 52.9% compared to the DP and DJ connections. The double-sided constraint in the SP configuration promotes more uniform preload distribution and enhances shear deformation capacity. Orthogonal sensitivity analysis further revealed that the number of bolts and preload magnitude significantly influenced the ultimate tensile load capacity across all connection types. Finally, a calculation model for the tensile load capacity of bolted BFRP connections was established, incorporating a friction decay coefficient (α) and shear strength (τ). This model yields calculated errors under 15% and is applicable to shear slip-dominated failure modes, thereby providing a parametric basis for optimizing the tensile design of bolted BFRP joints.