A Review of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Designs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Lower-Limb Amputation and Prosthetic Options
2.2. Transtibial Prosthetic Design Considerations
2.3. Materials Used in Prosthetic Manufacturing
3. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites
3.1. Characteristics of Natural Fibers
3.2. Types and Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites
3.3. Manufacturing Methods for Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites
4. Lower-Limb Prosthetic Design Using Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites
4.1. Advantages and Drawbacks of Natural Composites in Prosthetic Design
- Low Weight and High Strength-to-Weight Ratio: As mentioned before, NFRCs have the remarkable ability to have both a minimal weight and a high strength-to-weight ratio [29,33,34,55]. This quality is very helpful for designing lower-limb prosthetics because it makes it possible to create lightweight, comfortable prosthetics without sacrificing strength and longevity [7,8,9,11,66].
- Energy Return and Shock Absorption: The mechanical properties of natural composites, including their ability to store and release energy, contribute to enhanced energy return and shock absorption [30,31,55,56]. This feature is crucial in lower-limb prosthetics, as it mimics the natural gait cycle and improves the overall walking efficiency [7,10,24,25,26,58].
- Sustainability and Environmental Friendliness: Natural fibers used as composite reinforcements, such as kenaf and flax, are renewable resources that provide a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers [8,29,30,31,32,33,35,36,37,98,119]. The utilization of natural composites in prosthetic design aligns with the increasing demand for eco-friendly materials and reduces the reliance on non-renewable resources.
- Moisture Absorption: Natural fibers have a propensity to absorb moisture [89,93], which can lead to dimensional changes and diminished mechanical properties of the composites [33]. This drawback presents a challenge for prosthetic designs, as exposure to moisture can affect the long-term performance and durability of prosthetic devices [50]. Detailed data on different natural fibers are displayed in Table 1.
- Variability in Mechanical Properties: Natural fibers, which are organic materials, inherently exhibit variability in their mechanical properties [89,93]. This variability can pose challenges in achieving consistent and predictable performance with natural fiber-reinforced composites in prosthetic designs. This necessitates careful selection and quality control of the natural fibers to ensure consistent mechanical properties and high performance of the prosthetic devices.
4.2. Cases of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites Used in Prosthetic Designs
5. Evaluation of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composite Prosthetics
5.1. Standards and Guidelines for Evaluating Prosthetic Devices
5.2. Using Computational Biomechanical Models to Assess Prosthetic Devices
6. Future Directions and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brand | Model | Material | Reference (Access Date) | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blatchford | Elan | Carbon Fiber | www.blatchfordmobility.com (17 April 2024) | UK |
Blatchford | Epirus | Carbon Fiber | www.blatchfordmobility.com (17 April 2024) | UK |
Blatchford | Stellar | Nylon | www.blatchfordmobility.com (17 April 2024) | UK |
Össur | Balance Foot S | Glass Fiber | www.ossur.com (17 April 2024) | US |
Össur | Vari-Flex | Carbon Fiber | www.ossur.com (17 April 2024) | US |
Ottobock | Kintrol | Glass Fiber | www.ottobock.com (17 April 2024) | DE |
Ottobock | Restore | Glass Fiber | www.ottobock.com (17 April 2024) | DE |
Fiber | Diameter (μm) | Density (g/cm3) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Moisture Absorption (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaca | 10–30 | 1.5 | 430–813 | 31.10–33.60 | 2.9–10 | ~ |
Bagasse | ~ | 1.20 | 20–290 | 19–27 | 1.10 | ~ |
Bamboo | 88–125 | 0.91–1.26 | 503 | 35.91 | 1.40 | ~ |
Banana | 100–250 | 1.35 | 529–914 | 27–32 | 2.60–5.90 | ~ |
Basalt | 17 | 2.8 | 4800 | 90 | 3.15 | ~ |
Coconut | 150–250 | 1.15–1.25 | 131–220 | 4–6 | 15–40 | 10 |
Cotton | ~ | 1.50–1.51 | 287–597 | 5.50–12.60 | 0.30–10 | 8–25 |
Flax | 25 | 1.40–1.50 | 345–1500 | 27.60–80 | 1.20–3.20 | 7 |
Hemp | 25–600 | 1.48–1.50 | 550–900 | 70 | 1.60–4 | 8 |
Henequen | ~ | 1.20–1.40 | 430–570 | 10–16.30 | 3.70–5.90 | ~ |
Jute | 25–250 | 1.30–1.48 | 393–800 | 0.13–27.60 | 1.16–1.80 | 12 |
Kenaf | ~ | 1.25–1.40 | 284–930 | 0.13–26.50 | 1.16–1.80 | ~ |
Pineapple | 50 | 1.44 | 413–1627 | 60–80 | 14.50 | ~ |
Ramie | 20–280 | 1.30–1.50 | 400–938 | 61.40–128 | 3.60–3.80 | 12–17 |
Rice husk | ~ | 0.50–0.70 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
Sisal | 50–200 | 1.30–1.50 | 390–635 | 9.40–41 | 2–2.50 | 11 |
Softwood | ~ | 1.50 | 1000 | 40 | ~ | ~ |
Viscose cord | ~ | ~ | 593 | 11 | 11.4 | ~ |
Authors | Matrix | Types of Fiber | Method of Fabrication |
---|---|---|---|
Aslan et al. [122] | Polypropylene matrix | Carbon/sisal, glass/sisal | Single-screw co-rotating extrusion method |
Assarar et al. [123] | Epoxy matrix | Flax–carbon fiber | Platen press process |
Campbell et al. [124] | Plant oil resin | Ramie/stockinet | Standard layup method |
Chaudhary et al. [125] | Epoxy matrix | Flax hemp/jute/fiber | Hand-layup method |
Essabir et al. [126] | Polypropylene matrix | Coir fiber | Twin-screw extrusion method |
Gu et al. [127] | Epoxy matrix | Ramie fiber | Vacuum infusion process |
Indra Reddy et al. [128] | Epoxy matrix | Pineapple, glass, and jute fiber | Hand-layup method |
Jagannatha et al. [129] | Epoxy matrix | Glass/carbon | Vacuum bagging technique |
Lee et al. [130] | Polypropylene matrix | Kenaf/jute | Hot-pressing method |
Rahman et al. [131] | Vinyl-ester matrix | PALF | Hand-layup method |
Saba et al. [132] | Epoxy matrix | Kenaf fiber | Hand-layup technique |
Sekaran et al. [133] | Epoxy matrix | Sisal fiber and aloe vera | Hand-layup method |
Shanmugam et al. [134] | Polyester matrix | Jute fiber palmyra and leaf stalk fiber | Compression molding |
Shih et al. [135] | Poly-lactic acid | PALF/chopsticks | Counter-rotating internal mixing |
Shrivastava et al. [136] | Epoxy resin | Coir–glass | Hand-layup method |
Sreekumar et al. [137] | Polyester matrix | Sisal fiber | Resin transfer molding technique |
Widhata et al. [138] | Methyl methacrylate | Water hyacinth | Compression molding |
Yan et al. [139] | Epoxy matrix | Flax/linen/bamboo | Vacuum bagging process |
Yang et al. [140] | Polypropylene matrix | Hemp fiber | Twin-screw extrusion |
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Castro-Franco, A.D.; Siqueiros-Hernández, M.; García-Angel, V.; Mendoza-Muñoz, I.; Vargas-Osuna, L.E.; Magaña-Almaguer, H.D. A Review of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Designs. Polymers 2024, 16, 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091293
Castro-Franco AD, Siqueiros-Hernández M, García-Angel V, Mendoza-Muñoz I, Vargas-Osuna LE, Magaña-Almaguer HD. A Review of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Designs. Polymers. 2024; 16(9):1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091293
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastro-Franco, Angel D., Miriam Siqueiros-Hernández, Virginia García-Angel, Ismael Mendoza-Muñoz, Lidia E. Vargas-Osuna, and Hernán D. Magaña-Almaguer. 2024. "A Review of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Designs" Polymers 16, no. 9: 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091293