Effects of Macro Fibers on Crack Opening Reduction in Fiber Reinforced Concrete Overlays
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fiber Reinforcements for Pavement Structures
2.1. Steel
2.2. Synthetic
2.3. Other Fibers
2.4. Hybrid Fibers
3. Design of FRC Overlays and Crack Opening Width Prediction
3.1. Design Methods Applicable to FRC Overlays
3.2. Residual Strength Ratio
3.3. Crack Opening Width Prediction in FRC Overlays
4. Effect of Fiber Types on Crack Opening Reduction and Comparison of Macro Fibers to Dowel Bars
4.1. Effects of Fiber Types and Volume Contents on Crack Width Reduction in FRC Pavements
4.2. Comparison of Macro Fibers to Dowel Bars
5. Limitations and Future Studies
6. Conclusions
- Steel fibers demonstrate superior effectiveness in reducing the crack opening width compared to polypropylene (PP) fibers, offering significant durability and performance benefits for concrete overlays. However, cost considerations and potential corrosion issues must be carefully managed.
- Hybrid systems combining macro and micro fibers exhibit excellent properties for reducing the crack opening width. Integrating different fiber types into hybrid systems is a promising strategy for improving both the structural performance and cost-effectiveness of concrete overlays. The combination of the high strength of macro fibers and the fine size of micro fibers maximizes the crack reduction effect, enhancing long-term performance.
- Designing FRC overlays involves numerous complex variables beyond those of traditional overlay methods, including fiber type, volume content, and overlay thickness. With the proper design and material selection, FRC overlays can achieve outstanding performance.
- Further field testing is necessary. Future research should assess the long-term performance and durability of concrete overlays with various fiber types and volume contents under realistic environmental conditions. Field test results will complement laboratory findings and bolster confidence in their real-world applications.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Fiber Type | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel [39,40] | PP 1 [40,41,42,43] | PE 2 [39,44] | PVA 3 [45,46,47,48] | Polyester [49,50,51] | Polyolefin [52,53,54] | Nylon [42,55] | Basalt [12,56] | |
Specific gravity | 7.84 | 0.91 | 0.92–0.96 | 1.20–1.30 | 1.33–1.40 | 0.91–0.97 | 1.10–1.16 | 2.52–2.97 |
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) | 200 | 1.5–12 | 5–100 | 20–43 | 8–20 | >9 | 4–5.3 | 85–110 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 500–2000 | 240–900 | 80–600 | 1000–1600 | 400–750 | >500 | 450–919 | 1100–4840 |
Elongation at break (%) | 0.5–3.5 | 15–80 | 4–100 | 6–7 | 12–20 | 15–30 | 15–28 | 3.15 |
Acid and Alkali Resistance | Varied | High | High | High | High | High | Moderate | High |
Cost ($/kg) | 1.0–8.0 | 1.0–2.5 | 2.0–20 | 1.0–15 | 1.2–1.5 | 1.0–10 | 2.0–2.5 | 4.5–5.0 |
Fiber Type | Strength Improvement | Thickness Reduction and Other Effects | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Steel (Hooked or Wave) | Compressive strength 10% ↑ *, Flexural strength 80% ↑ | Improved residual strength and toughness, Reduced thickness by 63 mm at 1.0% Vf ** | [28] |
Flexural strength 25% ↑ at 0.5% Vf and 47% at 1.0% Vf, Improved residual strength | Contributed to reduced thickness, Prevent micro cracking due to drying shrinkage | [29] | |
Improved compressive and flexural strength | Improved cold, wear, and acid resistances | [57] | |
Compressive strength 25% ↑ at 7 and 28 days | Increased ultimate load with the addition steel fibers and silica fume (confirmed through SEM *** & TGA ****) | [58] | |
PP | Tensile strength 20% ↑ | Thickness reduced by 21mm at 1.0% Vf | [28] |
Flexural strength 9% ↑ at 0.5% Vf and 18% ↑ at 1.0% Vf | Contributes to reduced thickness | [29] | |
Compressive strength 5 to 6% ↑, Flexural strength 8 to 12% ↑ | Improved wear and frost resistances (at 50 cycles) | [59] | |
PVA | Improved flexural and tensile strength values with increased Vf | Prevents brittle failure of pavement in case of overload or subgrade support loss | [60] |
Improved compressive and flexural strength | Improved wear resistance by 44% and impact resistance more than doubled | [61] | |
Polyester | Improved strength compared to PP fibers | – | [62] |
Polyolefin | Improved tensile strength | Reduced stress concentration and prevents counter cracks | [63] |
Similar strength and elastic modulus to unreinforced concrete Improved tensile strength | Improved load-bearing capacity | [54] | |
Nylon | Compressive strength 2.62 to 5.01% ↑ Flexural strength 12.31% ↑ | Improved wear resistance (7.30%), Reduced permeability (37.5%) | [61] |
Basalt | Highest compressive strength at 2.0% Vf, Increased splitting tensile strength | Strength increased with the addition of kaolin or silica fume | [64] |
Hybrid (Steel and Basalt) | Reduced compressive strength at freeze-thaw condition, but less compared to single fiber | Improved freeze-thaw resistance, increased pavement structure life | [30] |
Hybrid (PP and Polyester) | Strength significantly increased compared to single fiber | – | [62] |
Hybrid (PVA and Nylon) | Higher compressive and flexural strength compared to a single fiber | Suitable for emergency packaging repairs | [61] |
Feature | Linear Elastic | Non-Linear Fracture Mechanics | |
---|---|---|---|
Elastic Response | Yield Line | ||
Approach | Elastic foundation with constant subgrade contacts and a circular wheel load contact area | Based on yield line theory, focuses on ultimate load capacity | Analyzes post-cracking behavior, particularly for strain-softening materials |
Based on | Westergaard stress formulation [86] | Yield line theory [87] | NLFM principles |
Pros | Traditionally used for straightforward scenarios | Offering precise design calculations for ultimate load | Accurate, providing detailed predictions and enhances durability |
Cons | Not fully capture the role of fibers, especially in crack openings | Requires adjustments for fatigue, temperature curling stresses | Complex and requires detailed material data |
Limitation | Not useful for complex stress conditions or advanced material behaviors including fibers | Does not account for material behavior beyond initial yielding | Challenging to integrate into existing design frameworks |
Other | Used primarily for initial design estimates | Modifications needed in elastic design procedures to account for FRC | Beneficial for analyzing thermal stress distribution, deformation, and the effects of dowel bars |
No. | Equation | Symbols | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
1 | cw is 0, if cw is less than 0 | cw = crack width at the depth of the steel, CC = local calibration constant (1 is recommended in MEPDG [83] based on global calibration), L = mean crack spacing, εshr = drying shrinkage coefficient of Portland cement concrete (PCC), αPCC = coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of PCC, ΔT = drop in PCC temperature from the concrete set temperature at the depth of the steel, c2 = second bond stress coefficient increment, fσ = maximum longitudinal tensile stress in PCC at the steel level, EPCC = elastic modulus of PCC | [101] |
2 | ∆L = joint opening width, C = adjustment factor (0.65 is a typical), L = joint spacing or slab length, αt = coefficient of thermal expansion, ∆T = temperature differences at placement, ε = drying shrinkage coefficient | [102,103] | |
3 | w = crack width, β = coefficient relating the average crack width to a structural design, εsm = mean strain between the cracks in the tensile reinforcement, k1 and k2 = non-dimensional geometric coefficients, ϕb = structural tensile reinforcement bar diameter, ρr = tensile reinforcement ratio, Lf/Df = fiber aspect ratio | [104,105] | |
4 | Ɛsm = mean strain in the structural tensile reinforcement, Ɛcm = mean strain in the remaining concrete between the cracks, c = concrete cover depth, k1 and k2 = non-dimensional geometric coefficients, fresidual = measured residual flexural stress of SFRC, fctm = measured flexural strength of SFRC, ϕ = structural tensile reinforcement bar diameter, ρs,eff = effective structural tensile reinforcement ratio | [106,107] |
Fiber Type | Fiber Volume, Vf | Effect on Crack Opening Width Reduction | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Steel | 0 to 1.0% | Restrain crack development, improve crack resistance, load transfer, and enhanced structural durability | [35] |
0.75% | Effectively limit crack opening width, well-distributed micro-cracks, contribute to high bond strength | [38] | |
0 to 1.25% | Increased first cracking load with higher Vf, The first cracking load increased by 21% at 1.25% Vf | [108] | |
0 to 0.75% | Improved cracking resistance and load transfer capacity with higher Vf, enhanced durability | [109] | |
0.1% | Initial crack width reduced by 50%, Crack width increased over time with signs of corrosion observed | [110] | |
0.6 to 0.8% | Reduced crack opening width with increased Vf | [111] | |
PP | 0.1% | Reduced crack width by 84% and initial crack age increased by 62% No full-depth cracks observed after 28 days | [110] |
0 to 0.88% | Improved cracking resistance and load bearing capacity | [112] | |
Polyolefin | 0.1% | Delayed initial crack age, but no significant effect on crack width | [110] |
0 to 0.88% | Contribute to better load recovery with maintaining greater load-carrying capacity | [112] | |
PVA | 0.25 to 0.50% | Reduced crack width by 70% for macro fibers and 90% for micro fibers, shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) applied | [113] |
Glass | 0 to 10% | Reduced crack opening widths with increased Vf | [114] |
0.125 to 0.75% | Reduce crack width, but promote multiple cracks, Effective at 0.25% Vf | [115] | |
0.1% | Delayed initial crack age, but no significant effect on crack width | [110] | |
Basalt | 0.1% | Delayed initial crack age, but no significant effect on crack width | [110] |
Hybrid (Steel and PP) | 0.75% (Steel: 0 to 60 kg/m3) (PP: 0 to 6.8 kg/m3) | Hybrid fibers reduce crack width and enhance post-cracking behavior, with steel fibers increasing toughness and polypropylene fibers reducing variability | [116] |
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Cho, S.; Bordelon, A.C.; Kim, M.O. Effects of Macro Fibers on Crack Opening Reduction in Fiber Reinforced Concrete Overlays. Polymers 2024, 16, 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162282
Cho S, Bordelon AC, Kim MO. Effects of Macro Fibers on Crack Opening Reduction in Fiber Reinforced Concrete Overlays. Polymers. 2024; 16(16):2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162282
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Sanghwan, Amanda C. Bordelon, and Min Ook Kim. 2024. "Effects of Macro Fibers on Crack Opening Reduction in Fiber Reinforced Concrete Overlays" Polymers 16, no. 16: 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162282
APA StyleCho, S., Bordelon, A. C., & Kim, M. O. (2024). Effects of Macro Fibers on Crack Opening Reduction in Fiber Reinforced Concrete Overlays. Polymers, 16(16), 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162282