Mechanisms of Foreign Body Giant Cell Formation in Response to Implantable Biomaterials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Macrophages Fusion Competency
2.1. Exogenous Stimulus for Macrophage Fusion
2.2. Endogenous Stimulus for Macrophage Fusion
3. Cell Migration on Biomaterial’s Surface
3.1. Cell Adhesion on Biomaterial
3.2. Cell Protrusions
3.2.1. Actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangement
3.2.2. Mechanosensing/Mechanotransduction in Cell Protrusions Mediates the Cell Migration
4. Cell Migration and Fusion
Fusogens Are Involved in Macrophage Fusion
5. Consequences of Macrophages Fusion
Biomaterial | FBGCs/No of Patients | Ref | Case Report |
---|---|---|---|
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microsphere | 15 in 587 | [105] | Requena et al. observed Strong FBGCs formation after injection of (PMMA) microsphere in 4 patients. Time of appearance of FBGCs vary between 6 to 14 months [106]. |
Poly-lactic acid (PLA) microsphere | 5 in 722 | [107] | PLA-related FBGCs appear 6–24 months after injection [105] |
3 in 2131 | [108] | ||
Poly-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (pHEMA) | 9 in 455 | [109] | _ |
Silicone oil | 5 in 608 | [110] | Arin MD et al. observed granulomas composed of multinucleated giant cells after 18 months of silicone oil injection in a patient [111]. |
1 in 500 | [112] |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eslami-Kaliji, F.; Hedayat Nia, N.; Lakey, J.R.T.; Smink, A.M.; Mohammadi, M. Mechanisms of Foreign Body Giant Cell Formation in Response to Implantable Biomaterials. Polymers 2023, 15, 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051313
Eslami-Kaliji F, Hedayat Nia N, Lakey JRT, Smink AM, Mohammadi M. Mechanisms of Foreign Body Giant Cell Formation in Response to Implantable Biomaterials. Polymers. 2023; 15(5):1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051313
Chicago/Turabian StyleEslami-Kaliji, Farshid, Niloufar Hedayat Nia, Jonathan R. T. Lakey, Alexandra M. Smink, and Mohammadreza Mohammadi. 2023. "Mechanisms of Foreign Body Giant Cell Formation in Response to Implantable Biomaterials" Polymers 15, no. 5: 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051313