Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of Nanocomposites
2.1. In-Situ Polymerization
2.2. Solution Casting
2.3. Melt Mixing
2.4. Electrospinning
2.5. Additive Manufacturing
3. Effect of Nano-Additives on PLA/Nanocomposite Properties
3.1. PLA/Metal Oxides
3.1.1. Green Synthesis of Nanosized Metal-Oxides
3.1.2. MgO
3.1.3. ZnO
3.1.4. TiO2
3.1.5. n-SiO2
3.2. Carbon-Based PLA/Nanocomposites
3.2.1. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
3.2.2. Graphene
3.2.3. Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)
3.2.4. Fullerene
3.3. PLA Nanocomposites with Natural Nano-Additives
3.3.1. Lignin
3.3.2. Tannin
3.3.3. Nanocellulose (NC)
3.3.4. Nano-Biochar (n-BC)
3.4. PLA/Ceramic Nanocomposites
3.4.1. Bioglass
3.4.2. n-Hydroxyapatite (HAp)
3.5. Nanoclays
4. Applications of PLA Nanocomposites
4.1. Applications of PLA/Metal Oxides
4.1.1. Food Packaging
4.1.2. Medical Applications
4.1.3. Environmental Applications
4.1.4. Other Applications
Material | Application | Properties | References |
---|---|---|---|
PLA-ZnO | Packaging, tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, disposable electronics | Dielectric properties, nti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity, biocompatibility | [195,199,203] |
PLA-TiO2 | Packaging, air filters, tissue engineering, wound healing, electronics | Total anti-UV protection, optical and antibacterial properties, nanocomposites with higher kinetics of crystallization, photodegradability, etc. | [94,214,215] |
PLA/Al2O3 and PLA/BO | Electronics, packaging and automotives industries | Anti-inflammatory properties and non-toxicity against fibroblast L929 cells | [210,211] |
4.2. PLA/Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
4.2.1. Thermal and Electrical Applications
4.2.2. Biomedical Applications
4.2.3. Structural Applications (Mechanical-Thermal Properties Enhancement)
4.3. Applications of PLA/Nanocomposites with Natural Nano-Additives
4.3.1. Food Packaging
4.3.2. Flame Retardants
4.3.3. Pesticides
4.3.4. Implantable Medical Devices
4.3.5. Heavy Metals Removal
4.3.6. Optical Applications
4.3.7. Outdoor Usages
4.4. Nanoceramics
4.4.1. Medical Applications
4.4.2. Agricultural
4.5. PLA/Nanoclays
4.5.1. Food Packaging
4.5.2. Engineering Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological Source | Size of NPs | References |
---|---|---|
Azadirachta indica, leaf extract | 124 (average) nm | [66] |
Aeromonas hydrophila, bacterium | 28–54 nm | [68] |
Annona squamosal, fruit peel extract | 23 nm | [69] |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacterium | 15–86 nm | [70] |
Euphorbia prostrata, leaf extract | 83.22 nm | [71] |
Biological Source | Size | References |
---|---|---|
Jacarandamimosifolia, flow erextract | 2–4 nm | [74] |
Ruta graveolens, stem extract | ~28 nm | [75] |
Moringa oleifera, leaf extract | ~6–10 nm | [76] |
Polygala tenuifolia, root extract | 33.03–73.48 nm | [77] |
Sechium edule, leaf extract | 36.2 nm (mean) | [78] |
Sample | Content of Nanoclay | Tensile Strength | Young’s Modulus | Elongation at Break | Flexural Strength | Impact Strength | Bibliography |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA/Halloysite | 3% wt. | Increase of 14% compared to neat PLA | Increase of 50% compared to neat PLA | Increase of 3% compared to neat PLA | - | - | [180] |
PLA/Kenaf fiber (30%)/MMT | 1% wt. | Increase of 5.7% compared to PLA/Kenaf | Increase of 39.61% compared to neat PLA | - | Increase of 46.4% compared to PLA/Kenaf | Increase of 10.6% compared to PLA/Kenaf | [190] |
PLA/Aloe vera fiber (30%)/MMT | 1% wt. | Increase of 5.72% compared to PLA/Aloe vera | Increase of 18.84% compared to neat PLA | - | Increase of 6.08% compared to PLA/Aloe Vera | Increase of 10.43% compared to PLA/Aloe vera | [186] |
PLA/Kenaf/Aloe vera/MMT | 1% wt. | Increase of 23.2% compared to PLA/Kenaf Increase of 11.46% compared to PLA/Aloe vera | Tensile Modulus Increase of 24.61% compared to neat PLA | - | Increase of 56.43% compared to PLA/Kenaf Increase of 12.63% compared to PLA/Aloe vera | Increase of 57.5% compared to PLA/Kenaf Increase of 54.27% compared to PLA/Aloe vera | [187] |
PLA/PCL/MMT | 4% wt. | Increase of 15% compared to the blend | Increase of 26% compared to the blend | - | - | Decrease of 33% compared to the blend | [191] |
PLA/Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) | 9% wt. | Decrease of 10.7% compared to neat PLA | Increase of 10.8% compared to neat PLA | Decrease of 46% compared to neat PLA | Decrease of 7.3% compared to neat PLA | Decrease of 51.4% compared to neat PLA | [192] |
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Bikiaris, N.D.; Koumentakou, I.; Samiotaki, C.; Meimaroglou, D.; Varytimidou, D.; Karatza, A.; Kalantzis, Z.; Roussou, M.; Bikiaris, R.D.; Papageorgiou, G.Z. Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications. Polymers 2023, 15, 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051196
Bikiaris ND, Koumentakou I, Samiotaki C, Meimaroglou D, Varytimidou D, Karatza A, Kalantzis Z, Roussou M, Bikiaris RD, Papageorgiou GZ. Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications. Polymers. 2023; 15(5):1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051196
Chicago/Turabian StyleBikiaris, Nikolaos D., Ioanna Koumentakou, Christina Samiotaki, Despoina Meimaroglou, Despoina Varytimidou, Anastasia Karatza, Zisimos Kalantzis, Magdalini Roussou, Rizos D. Bikiaris, and George Z. Papageorgiou. 2023. "Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications" Polymers 15, no. 5: 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051196