Bioactive Films Based on Starch from White, Red, and Black Rice to Food Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Starch Extraction
2.2.2. Film Production
2.2.3. Color and Opacity
2.2.4. Thickness
2.2.5. Water Solubility
2.2.6. Water Vapor Permeability
2.2.7. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
2.2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visual Aspects and Physical Analysis
3.2. Water Solubility and Water Vapor Permeability of Films
3.3. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Starch Quantity (g) * | Plasticizer Type | Plasticizer Quantity (%) ** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Red | Black | |||
W1 | R1 | B1 | 3 | Sorbitol | 25 |
W2 | R2 | B2 | 3 | Glycerol | 25 |
W3 | R3 | B3 | 3 | Sorbitol + Glycerol (1:1) | 25 |
W4 | R4 | B4 | 3 | Sorbitol | 30 |
W5 | R5 | B5 | 3 | Glycerol | 30 |
W6 | R6 | B6 | 3 | Sorbitol + Glycerol (1:1) | 30 |
W7 | R7 | B7 | 5 | Sorbitol | 25 |
W8 | R8 | B8 | 5 | Glycerol | 25 |
W9 | R9 | B9 | 5 | Sorbitol + Glycerol (1:1) | 25 |
W10 | R10 | B10 | 5 | Sorbitol | 30 |
W11 | R11 | B11 | 5 | Glycerol | 30 |
W12 | R12 | B12 | 5 | Sorbitol + Glycerol (1:1) | 30 |
Code | L* | a* | b* | C* | Opacity (%) | Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 94.16 ± 0.70 a | −0.34 ± 0.02 ab | 4.45 ± 0.12 bc | 4.39 ± 0.12 bc | 45.42 ± 0.53 ac | 0.068 ± 0.006 b |
W2 | 93.20 ± 0.45 bc | −0.37 ± 0.02 abc | 4.23 ± 0.04 e | 4.27 ± 0.04 d | 45.76 ± 0.70 a | 0.075 ± 0.005 b |
W3 | 92.52 ± 0.45 c | −0.33 ± 0.03 a | 4.31 ± 0.06 ce | 4.32 ± 0.06 cd | 45.68 ± 0.40 ab | 0.078 ± 0.007 b |
W4 | 92.95 ± 0.51 b | −0.38 ± 0.03 bcd | 4.29 ± 0.04 de | 4.31 ± 0.04 de | 45.95 ± 0.45 a | 0.075 ± 0.006 b |
W5 | 93.37 ± 0.35 ab | −0.36 ± 0.02 abc | 4.83 ± 0.08 a | 4.85 ± 0.08 a | 44.87 ± 0.44 bc | 0.078 ± 0.005 b |
W6 | 94.15 ± 0.41 a | −0.38 ± 0.01 bcd | 4.53 ± 0.06 b | 4.56 ± 0.06 b | 44.72 ± 0.16 c | 0.071 ± 0.007 b |
W7 | 92.64 ± 0.18 bc | −0.40 ± 0.01 cde | 4.38 ± 0.09 cd | 4.43 ± 0.09 ce | 37.61 ± 0.31 d | 0.104 ± 0.008 a |
W8 | 93.03 ± 0.31 bc | −0.43 ± 0.01 efg | 4.44 ± 0.04 bc | 4.45 ± 0.04 bc | 37.38 ± 0.37 d | 0.107 ± 0.006 a |
W9 | 92.61 ± 0.23 bc | −0.43 ± 0.02 efg | 4.52 ± 0.05 b | 4.55 ± 0.05 b | 37.66 ± 0.18 d | 0.104 ± 0.005 a |
W10 | 93.05 ± 0.15 bc | −0.42 ± 0.01 df | 4.44 ± 0.02 bc | 4.45 ± 0.02 bc | 37.46 ± 0.18 d | 0.101 ± 0.004 a |
W11 | 93.15 ± 0.21 bc | −0.46 ± 0.02 efg | 4.56 ± 0.05 b | 4.58 ± 0.05 b | 37.94 ± 0.37 d | 0.095 ± 0.005 a |
W12 | 93.07 ± 0.24 bc | −0.46 ± 0.01 g | 4.52 ± 0.02 b | 4.54 ± 0.02 b | 37.83 ± 0.10 d | 0.096 ± 0.003 a |
R1 | 87.10 ± 0.79 a | 2.91 ± 0.35 ce | 8.70 ± 0.40 de | 2.98 ± 0.34 cde | 39.06 ± 0.60 cde | 0.071 ± 0.005 e |
R2 | 86.45 ± 1.23 ab | 2.75 ± 0.34 ce | 8.94 ± 0.24 cd | 2.79 ± 0.33 df | 38.38 ± 0.65 de | 0.079 ± 0.009 ce |
R3 | 87.04 ± 0.87 a | 2.29 ± 0.19 e | 8.10 ± 0.27 e | 2.24 ± 0.19 ef | 39.18 ± 0.42 cd | 0.080 ± 0.009 be |
R4 | 87.82 ± 0.95 a | 2.13 ± 0.24 e | 7.97 ± 0.33 e | 2.09 ± 0.24 f | 37.92 ± 0.53 e | 0.070 ± 0.004 e |
R5 | 87.23 ± 0.84 a | 2.24 ± 0.36 e | 8.30 ± 0.45 de | 2.30 ± 0.37 ef | 36.75 ± 0.97 f | 0.073 ± 0.008 de |
R6 | 86.28 ± 0.42 ab | 2.57 ± 0.20 de | 8.54 ± 0.30 de | 2.68 ± 0.19 def | 38.84 ± 0.17 cde | 0.073 ± 0.009 de |
R7 | 84.92 ± 0.30 b | 3.72 ± 0.14 ab | 10.21 ± 0.23 b | 3.83 ± 0.13 ab | 40.49 ± 0.17 ab | 0.099 ± 0.007 abc |
R8 | 84.96 ± 0.64 b | 3.95 ± 0.57 ab | 10.23 ± 0.49 b | 3.73 ± 0.56 ab | 39.65 ± 0.37 bc | 0.093 ± 0.009 bcd |
R9 | 82.63 ± 0.27 c | 4.47 ± 0.21 a | 11.15 ± 0.30 a | 4.54 ± 0.20 a | 40.98 ± 0.18 a | 0.087 ± 0.005 be |
R10 | 85.30 ± 0.53 b | 3.34 ± 0.24 bcd | 9.65 ± 0.33 bc | 3.39 ± 0.24 bcd | 39.65 ± 0.30 bc | 0.101 ± 0.007 ab |
R11 | 85.29 ± 0.78 b | 3.42 ± 0.27 bc | 9.86 ± 0.34 b | 3.29 ± 0.27 bcd | 39.27 ± 0.90 cd | 0.101 ± 0.007 ab |
R12 | 86.37 ± 0.35 ab | 3.54 ± 0.76 bc | 9.73 ± 0.62 bc | 3.11 ± 0.75 bc | 38.86 ± 0.22 cde | 0.118 ± 0.005 a |
B1 | 66.92 ± 0.61 a | 11.83 ± 0.67 f | 5.34 ± 0.10 d | 12.74 ± 0.62 f | 44.40 ± 0.58 ef | 0.062 ± 0.008 e |
B2 | 60.97 ± 0.25 c | 13.13 ± 0.68 def | 6.45 ± 0.43 ab | 14.57 ± 0.46 de | 47.17 ± 0.64 d | 0.062 ± 0.006 e |
B3 | 59.40 ± 0.62 d | 13.99 ± 0.36 de | 6.44 ± 0.57 ab | 15.32 ± 0.23 cd | 46.87 ± 0.62 d | 0.071 ± 0.008 ce |
B4 | 65.87 ± 0.95 ab | 12.72 ± 0.58 ef | 5.64 ± 0.19 cd | 14.10 ± 0.56 ef | 45.09 ± 0.59 e | 0.069 ± 0.006 de |
B5 | 61.22 ± 0.89 e | 13.37 ± 0.69 de | 6.07 ± 0.31 bc | 14.71 ± 0.56 de | 46.89 ± 0.72 d | 0.076 ± 0.007 bce |
B6 | 57.28 ± 0.67 ef | 14.45 ± 0.30 cd | 5.64 ± 0.41 cd | 15.66 ± 0.69 cd | 44.34 ± 0.69 ef | 0.070 ± 0.008 ce |
B7 | 65.33 ± 0.39 b | 15.68 ± 0.89 bc | 5.65 ± 0.19 cd | 16.43 ± 0.53 bc | 43.32 ± 0.53 f | 0.086 ± 0.009 acd |
B8 | 57.76 ± 0.56 e | 16.15 ± 0.14 ab | 6.64 ± 0.02 ab | 17.49 ± 0.52 ab | 49.02 ± 0.52 c | 0.085 ± 0.004 acd |
B9 | 56.03 ± 0.50 fg | 16.88 ± 0.66 ab | 6.54 ± 0.11 ab | 17.98 ± 0.70 a | 51.21 ± 0.70 b | 0.090 ± 0.009 ac |
B10 | 53.10 ± 0.59 h | 17.42 ± 0.79 a | 6.17 ± 0.08 ac | 18.82 ± 0.75 a | 53.29 ± 0.75 a | 0.095 ± 0.007 ab |
B11 | 55.39 ± 0.29 g | 16.62 ± 0.71 ab | 6.76 ± 0.09 a | 18.26 ± 0.31 ab | 50.66 ± 0.31 b | 0.099 ± 0.003 a |
B12 | 55.48 ± 0.22 g | 17.22 ± 0.81 a | 6.49 ± 0.07 ab | 18.41 ± 0.97 a | 49.93 ± 0.97 bc | 0.086 ± 0.005 acd |
White Starch (W) | Red Starch (R) | Black Starch (B) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | Water Solubility (%) | WVP 1 (g mm/m2 dkPa) | Water Solubility (%) | WVP 1 (g mm/m2 dkPa) | Water Solubility (%) | WVP 1 (g mm/m2 dkPa) |
1 | 11.10 ± 0.68 cd | 1.73 ± 0.36 ce | 11.72 ± 0.69 de | 1.48 ± 0.21 gh | 11.53 ± 0.83 f | 8.20 ± 0.12 b |
2 | 6.73 ± 0.91 e | 7.85 ± 0.91 a | 4.43 ± 0.38 g | 2.91 ± 0.56 fg | 2.12 ± 0.17 i | 15.72 ± 0.48 a |
3 | 9.60 ± 0.27 d | 6.33 ± 0.46 b | 8.63 ± 0.57 f | 1.88 ± 0.47 gh | 4.11 ± 0.03 gh | 9.32 ± 0.12 b |
4 | 12.04 ± 0.51 c | 2.57 ± 0.52 c | 12.70 ± 0.32 d | 4.06 ± 0.18 ef | 10.50 ± 0.24 f | 2.83 ± 0.64 e |
5 | 5.89 ± 0.83 e | 6.15 ± 0.32 b | 3.88 ±0.20 g | 12.47 ± 0.47 b | 3.34 ± 0.06 hi | 3.59 ± 0.35 e |
6 | 9.89 ± 0.40 d | 5.20 ± 0.32 b | 10.57 ± 0.59 e | 6.38 ± 0.38 d | 5.05 ± 0.81 g | 3.16 ± 0.81 e |
7 | 19.52 ± 0.23 a | 0.90 ± 0.01 defg | 17.27 ± 0.76 b | 5.55 ± 0.23 de | 28.14 ± 0.82 a | 5.00 ± 0.61 d |
8 | 15.57 ± 0.67 b | 2.51 ± 0.46 c | 13.00 ± 0.19 d | 15.55 ± 0.79 a | 18.87 ± 0.77 d | 6.59 ± 0.27 c |
9 | 18.54 ± 0.31 a | 1.58 ± 0.45 cf | 14.89 ± 0.45 c | 10.32 ± 0.74 c | 21.69 ± 0.19 c | 5.58 ± 0.51 cd |
10 | 20.09 ± 0.98 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 g | 20.66 ± 0.68 a | 0.94 ± 0.27 h | 23.53 ± 0.27 b | 0.60 ± 0.14 f |
11 | 14.66 ± 0.53 b | 1.94 ± 0.17 cd | 15.85 ± 0.76 bc | 12.83 ± 0.90 b | 17.15 ± 0.49 e | 3.63 ± 0.23 e |
12 | 15.84 ± 0.52 b | 0.76 ± 0.16 defg | 15.96 ± 0.48 bc | 11.71 ± 0.25 bc | 20.33 ± 0.30 cd | 2.41 ± 0.42 e |
Rice Starch | Phenolic Compounds (mg EAG/100 g) | Antioxidant Activity | |
---|---|---|---|
DPPH (g/g DPPH) | ABTS (µM trolox/g) | ||
White | 0.58 ± 0.02 c | 7.31 ± 0.09 a | 5.16 ± 0.10 c |
Red | 25.26 ± 0.87 b | 4.69 ± 0.23 b | 14.63 ± 0.14 b |
Black | 164.96 ± 0.25 a | 3.90 ± 0.11 c | 20.59 ± 0.09 a |
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Ramos da Silva, L.; Velasco, J.I.; Fakhouri, F.M. Bioactive Films Based on Starch from White, Red, and Black Rice to Food Application. Polymers 2022, 14, 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040835
Ramos da Silva L, Velasco JI, Fakhouri FM. Bioactive Films Based on Starch from White, Red, and Black Rice to Food Application. Polymers. 2022; 14(4):835. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040835
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos da Silva, Luan, José Ignacio Velasco, and Farayde Matta Fakhouri. 2022. "Bioactive Films Based on Starch from White, Red, and Black Rice to Food Application" Polymers 14, no. 4: 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040835